Kim came to power in 1994 after the death of his father, Kim Il-sung, and a huge cult of personality has been built up around them.

Even the border posts are decked out for the occasion

Their birthdays are regarded as North Korea's most important national holidays - and a 60th birthday is regarded as an important milestone in East Asia, marking the renewal of the calendar cycle.

Live pictures of birthday events were broadcast on state television and newspapers gave wide coverage to tributes to Kim.

Reuters news agency said that at a celebratory concert, children danced and performed acrobatics to martial music under a huge screen that mixed images of gunfire with a picture of a smiling Kim in military uniform.

But despite all the razzamatazz, there were no reports of Kim Jong-il appearing in public on Saturday.

Kim's birthday marks an important milestone in the region

Until two years ago he remained one of the world's most reclusive leaders - rarely seen, let alone heard in public.

That changed when he held a historic summit with South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, and hosted a visit by former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.

Festivities overshadowed

Correspondents say Kim Jong-il's years in power so far have coincided with precipitous economic decline and starvation, brought on by natural disasters and mismanagement of the state-controlled economy.

And the festive mood is overshadowed by President Bush's comments branding North Korea part of an axis of evil, supporting terrorism and producing weapons of mass destruction.

North Korea has condemned the speech, saying it increases the risk of war on the Korean peninsula.