The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs

Between 1860 and 1861, eleven Southern states defied the authority of the U.S. government and seceded from the Union, asserting a doctrine of states' rights. Ironically though, for several years before the war, Wisconsin had been the most thoroughgoing champion of states' rights. Unlike the Southern states, however, Wisconsin had used the doctrine in opposition to, rather than in support of, slavery. States' rights had been the basis of the Wisconsin Supreme Court's decision to nullify the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act after the controversy surrounding the fugitive slave Joshua Glover (see "Abolitionism and Other Social Reforms").

When war broke out in April of 1861, Wisconsin quickly rallied to support the Union cause. Wisconsin's Republican governor, Alexander Randall, supplied not one regiment as the government requested but several, and he demanded that they be put to use. Each regiment was accompanied by a state agent who looked after the health and needs of the soldiers. Early in the war, volunteers were plentiful, as men joined for a variety of reasons. While some fought to end slavery, many more believed they were called upon to preserve the Union. Most, though, had more personal reasons than any national aims, including getting away from home, advancing within army ranks, or making political use of a military record.

Wisconsin soldiers fought in every major battle of the Civil War. By the end of the war, 91,000 men had served in fifty-six regiments. Recruits were trained in Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Racine, and Madison. Camp Randall, Wisconsin's major training facility in Madison, also housed Confederate prisoners.

The Iron Brigade was Wisconsin's most famous war unit. They fought in the Army of the Potomac, suffering unusually high casualties at Gainesville, Antietam (the Civil War's bloodiest battle), and Gettysburg. Many of Wisconsin's regiments were composed primarily of single ethnic groups. For example, the 9th, 26th, 27th, and 45th were mainly Germans, while Norwegians filled the ranks of the 15th regiment. The 8th Wisconsin became known as the "Eagle Regiment" because of a pet bald eagle, named Old Abe, that they carried into battle on a perch with an American flag. Old Abe, according to legend, had been captured by an American Indian on the Flambeau River. Until Old Abe's death in 1881, he enjoyed a wide celebrity at soldiers' reunions and fairs.

Wisconsin soldiers distinguished themselves in a number of battles and skirmishes throughout the war. Under Cadwallader C. Washburn, the 2nd Wisconsin cavalry fought valiantly in many western battles including Vicksburg. In 1864, Colonel Joseph Bailey, with the help of lumberjacks from the 23rd and 24th regiments, managed to save a fleet of Union gunboats and transports stranded in the Red River of Louisiana. Using a technique for damming and deepening the river, these men used skills learned in Wisconsin's lumber camps to aid the Union cause. Unfortunately, many of the Wisconsin men who fought against the South did not return. Nearly 12,000 died, and thousands more were wounded. Wisconsin soldiers also spent time in many of the more infamous Southern military prisons, including Libby and Andersonville.

[Source: The History of Wisconsin vol 2 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin); Barker, Brett. Exploring Civil War Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2003); Gara, Larry. A Short History of Wisconsin. (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1962)]

Original Documents and Other Primary Sources

	A Wisconsin officer refuses to give slaves back to their owners (2), 1862
	A 14-year-old Wisconsin boy fights in the Civil War
	An interview with a Black soldier among Wisconsin troops in the Civil War.
	A Wisconsin officer refuses to give slaves back to their owners (1), 1862
	A teenage nurse at the front, 1863-1864
	More than 200 Wis. newspaper stories about the war
	Leonard Farwell, seeing Lincoln killed, saves Vice President Johnson
	The Iron Brigade recalled by a veteran, 20 years after the war
	The Civil War diary of a private from Sheboygan County
	A Wisconsin logger saves the Union fleet in 1864
	Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk (1830-1893)
	Memories by a Wisconsin commander of Black troops in the Civil War.
	A Tiffany punch bowl in honor of Bailey's heroics
	A feather from war eagle Old Abe
	An iron collar removed from a fugitive slave by Wisconsin soldiers in 1862
	Roster of Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers, vol. I
	A Wisconsin soldier recounts the Battle of Gettysburg for his family.
	A guide to the battles and engagements fought by Wisconsin troops.
	The history and traditions of the Chippewa Valley
	The roster of Wisconsin's only unit of black Civil War soldiers
	The only Wisconsin unit of Black soldiers in the Civil War
	Names of ex-soldiers and sailors residing in Wisconsin, 1895
	Names of ex-soldiers and sailors residing in Wisconsin, 1905
	Roster of Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers, vol. II
	Alphabetical index to all Wisconsin Civil War soldiers
	Official List of Wisconsin Soldiers Killed in the Civil War
	Names of ex-soldiers and sailors residing in Wisconsin, 1885
	An 1875 history of the Chippewa Valley
	A photo of former slave Peter Thomas
	More than 100 photographs and other pictures from the Civil War
	An 1887 portrait of General and Governor Lucius Fairchild
	Letters by relatives of Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1861-1919
	A Wisconsin soldier recounts the removal of a slave's iron collar
	Gettysburg day-by-day (June 30-July 6, 1863)
	A Wisconsin soldier writes a prison poem on envelopes, 1863
	A Wisconsin soldier writes home from the war, 1863
	A Rock Co. soldier writes home, 1862-1865
	A Wisconsin soldier describes being a prisoner of war, 1863-1865

Primary Sources Available Elsewhere

	All official records of the Union and Confederate Armies
	All official records of the Union and Confederate Navies
	Wisconsin Blue Books
	An online exhibit from the Wisconsin Veterans Museum
	Manuscripts from Wisconsin soldiers and citizens during the Civil War
	First person narratives from Wisconsin soldiers and citizens
	"Old Abe," mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Infantry
	Gov. Edward Salomon's request for volunteers, 1862
	A Wisconsin soldier witnesses the Fugitive Slave Law in action, 1862
	A soldier writes the governor about conditions among the troops, 1862
	A letter suggesting amendments to the Conscription Law, 1865
	A former slave recounts his time in Wisconsin

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