Financial markets

Buttonwood's notebook

Developed and developing economies

The balance

Feb 28th 2011, 14:27 by Buttonwood

JUST back from chairing a session at an LSE conference on the relationship between developed and developing countries, arguably the crucial issue for today's global economy.

There was a good line-up of speakers, two of whom had written books on the subject. Stephen King of HSBC wrote Losing Control, a book that has been mentioned in this blog before; George Magnus of UBS has recently published Uprising: Will Emerging Markets Shape or Shake the Global Economy? The third speaker was Mark Dow, once an IMF economist and now at Pharo fund management.

King's thesis is that economics is about the allocation of scarce resources. Part of the west's advantage was that it had a dominant position in term of access to capital; its wealth then gave it a crucial advantage in terms of access to raw materials. That position is now being challenged with effects that we are seeing daily in the commodities markets. Magnus's book recalls that the US's dominant economic position has been challenged in the past by, for example, the Soviet Union and Japan. But it is relatively easy to grow an economy from a very low base. The challenge is to maintain that growth when an economy gets richer. At that stage, the quality of institutions, including the rule of law, becomes more important; in this respect, China may still face great challenges.

The discussion was wide-ranging, covering the inflationary/deflationary aspects of the relationship, the role played by exchange rates and capital flows, and the potential for economic tensions to turn into geopolitical risk. There wasn't always agreement but to summarise:

1. Higher commodity prices are a relative price shock and thus a tax on western consumers. As for the complaint of some developing economies that the US is exporting inflation via QE, the speakers felt the Fed was right to say that emerging markets could always let their currencies rise.

2. The chances of international economic co-operation have receded long with the air of crisis. It will be hard to create a Bretton Woods Two, in which currency movements are guided by economic agreement. The Chinese are wary given that the Japanese buckled to American pressure in the 1980s and ended up with 20 years of stagnation.

3. The panel were split on whether the economic imbalances had gone away. Mark Dow pointed to an improvement but in the US current account, but Stephen King saw this as cyclical. It wasn't clear who was getting the better of the deal as the Chinese accumulated low-yielding claims in a US dollar that seemed doomed to depreciate (against the renminbi at least).

Some of these issues are playing out over decades rather than years or months and thus may not have an immediate market impact. But it is clear we are now dealing with a multipolar world which requires investors and economists to anticipate policy changes in a wide range of countries, some of which may have a quite different world view. On the one hand, this is genuine progress, as people who make up more than half the world's population are getting a greater say in the running of the world economy.  

But there is clearly potential for conflict along the way. Europeans may be used to the phenomenon of relative decline but Americans are not; President Obama's efforts to sound more multilateral get more applause abroad than at home. China will naturally want its economc power to be reflected in terms of political influence but that will create the scope for a clash of interests with Japan and India, as well as America.

The commodity markets are where this may process show up the soonest. If the recent price spike is long-lasting, we may see a dash for resources akin to the late 19th century burst of European colonialism, as nations try to secure their supply of raw materials. China has already been going down this road; other nations have also imposed export bans in the face of bad harvests. Higher prices are one thing; outright shortages of goods that nations deem essential are an even greater threat. 

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bampbs wrote:
Feb 28th 2011 5:20 GMT

Somehow the name "Stephen King" is less than reassuring. Has he written us a horror story ?

jomiku wrote:
Feb 28th 2011 5:36 GMT

You might consider editing this line: "King's thesis is that economics is about the allocation of scarce resources." It didn't exactly originate with Mr. King. More of a "well, duh" statement.

As to point 1, higher commodity prices are a relative price shock felt much more in developing and poor countries where a much higher percentage of any goods consumed - food and other - is the basic substance itself and not value added. I assume you meant that somewhere in that paragraph.

Feb 28th 2011 10:17 GMT

Relative price increases are a tax on consumers, but so are all price increases. From the consumers' point of view, they can buy less per dollar either way.

mtangent wrote:
Feb 28th 2011 11:31 GMT

Higher commodity prices may be inflation, not a tax.
With tax, the price increase goes to a government, & is distributed, spent or wasted as the government sees fit. Much of it is spent within the governed jurisdiction.
With inflation, the extra cash goes to the producer(often in a different country).

The short term effect on consumption may be similar to a tax hike, but the overall, longer term picture is quite different.

Such glib statements are not worthy of thoughtful people.

Pacer wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 12:04 GMT

mtangent - For those who subscribe to inflation as strictly a function of monetary supply increasing relative to those things money can buy, inflation is like a tax. New money goes first to the government (or to banks who access federal reserve credit) who spends it. Yes the ledger still balances because future taxpayers now owe more, but in near time the government has money to spend at the expense of diluting other money-holders. So the government has gotten money to spend today, while private dollar holders shortly thereafter experience reduced purchasing power as a direct result. Sounds like government gets, citizen loses, all in the same action--just like a tax. Furthermore there is the matter of interest and principle on the treasury debt which was created in conjunction with the monetary expansion, which quite likely will have to be repaid from taxes at some point.

Demon1 wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 12:41 GMT

"Has he written us a horror story bampbs?

Yes! The choice for America is denial or default.

bkk_mike wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 2:01 GMT

Isn't the issue that it's not a level playing field between developed and developing countries.

In manufactured goods, the developing countries are still able to maintain far higher import duties which bolsters domestic or regional (i.e. ASEAN) manufacturers at the expense of their developed world counterparts.

In agriculture, the developed world (EU, Japan, US) has a system of import duties and subsidies that benefits their own farmers at the expense of those in the developing world.

Can't the WTO knock heads together and force the developing countries to lower import duties (the countries would still have lower wage costs, and locally produced cars would still have lower shipping costs, but you'd get rid of the worst companies that only survive because of closed markets, and factories in Europe/US would have a chance to actually export (Mercedes, BMW do manage to export because there isn't local competition at the high end, but mass-market cars from Europe can't compete in large swathes of Asia where import duties mean a mini costs more than a locally-built 7 seater SUV), and at the same time open up the agricultural markets in the west to proper competition in exchange.

The free movement of capital (allowing investment offshore) without the free movement of goods (allowing manufacturers in different countries to compete on a level playing field) will simply continue to export manufacturing jobs from those countries with low import duties to countries with high import duties.

Frank21721 wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 5:02 GMT

@bkk_mike,

History suggests that perhaps it is too simplistic to equate high import tariffs with job transfers from abroad. The import substitution policy prevalent in South America in effect did not create more jobs. If anything, the tariffs harmed local economies by making their industries uncompetitive. High import taxes in India has not benefited either its agricultural or manufacturing sector. On the other hand, Europe's stratospheric duties have not led to massive increases in agricultural employment or production, let alone exports.

And even if the developing world were to unilaterally reduce its tariffs, it would not necessarily stop jobs from migrating to emerging markets. Other things being equal, profit maximization is best achieved when costs are lowest. Thanks to free movement of capital advocated by the west, manufacturers in developed markets will continue to take advantage of countries with a lower cost base.

The job migration will continue, with or without tariffs.

Marco82 wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 2:44 GMT

HSBC's Philip Poole says its more a case of developing sectors rather than developed economies.
He says: "There should be winners and losers in both emerging and developed blocs and investment strategies flowing from this theme need to embrace both. It is these companies and sectors in DM that can, in my view, outperform the rest of the developed world.

"The emerging market consumption story is likely to be powerful as the world rebalances. Investors should seek out sectors and companies globally that will perform well/poorly as a result of this trend and bias the portfolio to overweight/underweight (short) accordingly."

http://www.mindfulmoney.co.uk/3278/investing-strategy/is-china-still-an-...

sadoshah wrote:
Mar 1st 2011 9:58 GMT

Yes there are books written on Economics left right and centre but at the end of the day the poor consumer gets licked bone dry.The Capitalist society is in the habit of discrete exploiting the masses. For instance why Macdonals petty is now cut with a microtone,why the sugar is not so sweet, why the tea bags are so light and why there are bubbles in tooth pastes and so forth. The world is a cheat and no body trust anybody, forget the the small print which is ubiquitous.Thank god I can afford alittle.

mtangent wrote:
Mar 2nd 2011 12:13 GMT

Thank You, Pacer.

1-11 of 11

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In this blog, our Buttonwood columnist grapples with the ever-changing financial markets and the motley crew who earn their living by attempting to master them.

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