Endnotes

1. Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, including the Right to Development, 2009. Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo: A/HRC/10/16, pp. 5-7

2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2010; U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/ (Accessed 15 September 2010)

3. UN Expert on Trafficking in Persons Urges Egypt to Intensify Its Efforts at Combating Human Trafficking. April 21, 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/docs/statement_egypt_ap... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

4. Trafficking in Persons Report 2009; U.S. Department of State; http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/ (Accessed 15 September 2010)

5. http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/ar-EG/comittee/introduction/

6. Independent UN Expert Urges Egypt to Step Up Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking. In: UN News Centre. April 21, 2010; www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34443 (Accessed May 23, 2010)

7. UN Expert on Trafficking in Persons Urges Egypt to Intensify Its Efforts at Combating Human Trafficking. April 21, 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/docs/statement_egypt_ap... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

8. Cited by Attalah, Lina, 2010: UN Official: Human Trafficking Still Poses Challenge for Egypt. April 22, 2010. In: Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today’s News from Egypt. http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/un-official-human-trafficking-still... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

9. Ibid.

10.  UN Expert on Trafficking in Persons Urges Egypt to Intensify Its Efforts at Combating Human Trafficking. April 21, 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/docs/statement_egypt_ap... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

11.  National Coordinating Committee for Combating and Preventing Trafficking in Persons, Second Yearly Report 2008 -2009, Egypt http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/ar-EG/comittee/rep/secondreport.htm (Accessed September 14 2010)

12.  UN Expert on Trafficking in Persons Urges Egypt to Intensify Its Efforts at Combating Human Trafficking. April 21, 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/docs/statement_egypt_ap... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

13.  Article 6(b) of the Law to Combat Prostitution No. 10/1961

14.  Article 6(b) of Law 10/1961: Anyone exploiting, by any means, the prostitution or immorality of another shall be punished with detention of no less than 6 months and no more than 3 years.

15.  Ann D. Jordan, 2002, Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol, Global Rights, Washington DC

16.  Article 2(c) of the UN Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child prostitution and Child Pornography

17.  Article 2(1) of the ILO Convention Concerning Forced Labor No. 29

18.  Article 1(1) of the UN Slavery Convention

19.  Article 1 of the UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery

20.  Ann D. Jordan, 2002, Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol, Global Rights, Washington DC

21.  Law 5 of 2010

22.  Article 291 of the Penal Code 58/1937

23.  Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking. UNICEF Technical Notes, September 2006. Available at http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/0610-Unicef_Victims_Guidelines_en.pdf (Accessed 15 September 2010) p. 9.

24.  Office of the Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, 2008, Report of the 3rd and 5th Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Conferences on Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour, Vienna

25.  The Law on Begging 49/1933

26.  Article 1 of the Law on Begging: "Anyone […] found begging in the public space, in stores or in places open to the public, and claiming to or actually performing services for others or performing acts or selling anything, shall be punished with detention not exceeding two months".   

27.  Article 96(7) of the Child Law 126/2008

28.  Article 3 of the Child Law 126/2008

29.  Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, Concluding Observation: Egypt, 05/25/2007: CMW/C/EGY/CO/1, point 39

30.  Egyptian Initiative for Personal Right and the Federation Internationale des Ligues de Droits de l'Homme, Egypt: Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families NGO Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, April 2007. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/eipr_fidh.pdf (Accessed 15 September 2010)

31.  Trafficking in Persons Report 2009; U.S. Department of State, http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/ (Accessed 15 September 2010) p. 126

32.  Clawson, J. Heather, Dutch, Nicole, Cummings, Megan, 2006: Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking and the Implications for Victims: Current Practices and Lessons Learned. Available at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/216547.pdf (Accessed 15 September 2010)

33.  Gallagher, Anne; Pearson, Elaine, 2008: Detention of Trafficked Persons in Shelters: A Legal and Policy Analysis. p. 11. [hereafter Gallagher and Pearson 2008]

34.  Guideline 1 of the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. New York and Geneva, 2002.

35.  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 12

36.  Gallagher and Pearson 2008

37.  Gallagher and Pearson 2008: p. 27.

38.  See Article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951.

39.  Global Alliance against Traffic in Women, 2007, Collateral Damage: The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights around the World.

40.  UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 2007, Guidelines on International Protection No. 7: The Application of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees to Victims of Trafficking and Persons At Risk of Being Trafficked: HCR/GIP/06/07

41.  Gallagher and Pearson 2008: p. 26.

42.  Human Trafficking and Forced Labor Exploitation: Guidelines for Legislation and Law Enforcement. Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labor. International Labor Office, 2005. Available at http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&c.... (Accessed 27 May, 2010) p. 41.

43.  Article 13 of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, 2005.

44.  UN Expert on Trafficking in Persons Urges Egypt to Intensify Its Efforts at Combating Human Trafficking. April 21, 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/docs/statement_egypt_ap... (Accessed 15 September 2010)

45.  Action against Human Trafficking in Finland. Available at http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/krp/home.nsf/pages/E0FE673C479190B6C225758... (Accessed May 27, 2010)

46.  Social Factors and Human Trafficking; Editorial. In: Jamaica Gleaner News. Available at http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070129/cleisure/cleisure1.html (Accessed May 20, 2010)

47.  Trafficking in Persons Report 2009; U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/ (Accessed 15 September 2010)