Libya is located in the North of Africa, on the
coast of Mediterranean. The country’s area is about 1.76mln km2 with a
population of approximately 6mln. Current figures for foreigners are
unclear although it is know that the majority of them were from Egypt as
well as from surrounding countries, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria and
Tunisia.
Libya’s coast extends to 1800km, making it by far the longest coastline
of the North Africa. Given the fact that 90% of the land is desert, most
of the population, about 85%, live on the coast.
Libya became an independent country in 1952, the Kingdom of Libya, by
virtue of a UN resolution. Previous to this, from 1911 to 1943 the
country was colonized by Italy, and after WWII the British and French
authorities administered the Libyan territories from 1943 to 1951. The
country was considered – according to the UN Economic Mission – as one
of the poorest countries in the world, lacking natural or human
resources to be developed.
At the end of the 1950’s and after extensive search efforts by
international oil companies, large oil reservoirs were discovered. The
first oil shipment was exported in 1962, with its oil revenues the
country embarked on various development programs replacing foreign
assistance in the process. These programs concentrated on developing
infrastructure sectors, such as education and health.
In 1969, a coup d’etat of young military officers, led by Colonel
Gaddafi, replaced the country’s political system from a kingdom to a
republic. The changeover took place in peaceful way as the King, who was
extremely old, had left the country for a trip. Gaddafi, gradually but
firmly, took control of the political scene, oftentimes expelling and in
some cases killing all forms of opposition, even within his own group
of revolutionary officers.
The Libyan economy is one that is primarily oil-led, as 95% of total
Libyan exports are crude oil. Main recipients of oil exports are
European, and in particular Mediterranean European countries. Libya’s
GDP for 2010 was estimated to be $100billion, 70% attributed to the oil
sector.
Imports to Libya are foodstuffs, machinery, finished consumer products,
semi-industrialised products and capital goods. These are estimated to
be $30billion. Libya has had a positive balance of payments at least
during the last five years. Little transparency has existed with regards
to where the positive balances have been placed during many years.
Investments abroad, ranging from Africa, Europe and America, have
recently been a portion of the funds, although much of the funds remain
unaccounted for.
Looking at other indicators for the country: The country’s official
unemployment rate is estimated to be 15% (Libya Planning Dp’t), although
other international sources put the estimate at 25-30%. Most of the
unemployed are young people, with rates generally higher for women than
for men.
Official estimates place illiteracy rates at 9% total, 6% for males and
12% for females. Libyans have been well educated, although the quality
of education has seen a gradual decrease over the past few years. Public
spending on education has decreased year on year to 2.67% of GDP in
1999 (6.92% Tunisia). Current figures (2007) show that a mere
400$/capita is spent on education, versus neighboring Tunisia’s
600$/capita.
The poverty rates are not officially provided and the ranges of those
living below the poverty line are between 7% and 40%. National subsidies
on a few basic foodstuffs had been provided over the years, although
this as well has been dut down in recent years. Subsidized housing
projects had been planned for many years to provide for the growing
Libyan population, but years of delays hampered any real results from
materializing, leading to a growing sense of frustration amongst the
youth.
Although basic healthcare is provided free of charge to all Libyans, it
is mostly viewed with distrust. Public health expenditure for 2007 was
only 1.9% of GDP, and 5.4% of total government spending, ranking Libya
164 out of 185. The health system is generally not adequate to cover the
population’s needs, with many Libyans having to travel abroad for
simple procedures. Tunisia and Jordan have been key destinations for the
average Libyan due to good quality healthcare at reasonable prices,
while Europe is another destination for those with sufficient means.
Infrastructure is another area that has been neglected to a large
extent, with recent efforts focusing on building up certain areas of
Tripoli via hotels and business towers, but with no comprehensive
infrastructure projects that would address the basic needs of the
society. Basic government services, such as municipality cleaning,
maintenance of roads, etc are managed sporadically.
Although Libya’s full potential has not been realized in the past,
Libyans now have the means and the desire to change their country for
the better.