Which country in the world currently imprisons more journalists than any other? The People's Republic of China? Nope. Iran? Wrong again. The rather depressing answer is the Republic of Turkey, where nearly 100 journalists are behind bars, according to the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Yes, that's right: modern, secular, western-oriented Turkey, with its democratically elected government, has locked away more members of the press than China and Iran combined.
But this isn't just about the press – students, academics, artists and opposition MPs have all recently been targeted for daring to speak out against the government of prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his mildly Islamist Justice and Development Party, or AKP.
There is a new climate of fear in Istanbul. When I visited the city last week to host a discussion show for al-Jazeera English, I found journalists speaking in hushed tones about the clampdown on free speech. Within 24 hours of our arrival, one of my al-Jazeera colleagues was detained by police officers, who went through his bag and rifled through one of my scripts. They loudly objected to a line referring to the country's "increasingly authoritarian government". Who says that Turks don't do irony?
The stock response from members of the AKP government is to blame the imprisonment and intimidation on Turkey's supposedly "independent" judiciary. But this will not do. For a start, ministers haven't been afraid of interfering in high-profile prosecutions. In a speech at – of all places – the Council of Europe in April 2011, a defiant Erdogan, commenting on the controversial detention of the investigative journalist Ahmet Sik, compared Sik's then unpublished book to a bomb: "It is a crime to use a bomb, but it is also a crime to use materials from which a bomb is made."
Then there is the behind-the-scenes pressure that is exerted by the government on media organisations. "People are afraid of criticising Erdogan openly," says Mehmet Karli, a lecturer at Galatasaray University in Istanbul and a campaigner for Kurdish rights. "They might not be arrested, but they will lose their jobs."
In February, for example, Nuray Mert, a columnist for the Milliyet newspaper, was sacked and her TV show cancelled after she was publicly singled out for criticism by the prime minister. Last month Ali Akel, a conservative columnist for the pro-government newspaper Yeni Safak, was fired for daring to write a rare, critical article about Erdogan's handling of the Kurdish issue.
But the restrictions on freedom of speech don't stop with the media.
Exhibit A: last week, two students were sentenced to eight years and five months in prison by a court in Istanbul for "membership of a terrorist organisation", while a third student was sentenced to two years and two months behind bars for spreading terrorist propaganda. Yet the students, Berna Yilmaz, Ferhat Tüzer and Utku Aykar, had merely unfurled a banner reading "We want free education, we will get it," at a public meeting attended by Erdogan in March 2010.
Exhibit B: on 1 June Fazil Say, one of Turkey's leading classical pianists, was charged with "publicly insulting religious values that are adopted by a part of the nation" after he retweeted a few lines from a poem by the 11th-century Persian poet, Omar Khayyam, that mocked the Islamic vision of heaven. Say's trial is scheduled for October, and if convicted the pianist faces up to 18 months in prison. The irony is not lost on those Turks who remember how Erdogan himself was imprisoned in 1998, when he was mayor of Istanbul, for reading out a provocative poem.
Erdogan, re-elected as prime minister for the second time last June and now considered the most powerful Turkish leader since Kemal Ataturk, has become intolerant of criticism and seems bent on crushing domestic opposition.
"He is Putinesque," says Karli, referring to reports that Erdogan plans to emulate the Russian leader's switch from prime minister to president and thereby become the longest-serving leader in Turkish history. "Yes, he wins elections," adds Karli, "but he does not respect the rights of those who do not vote or support him."
Let's be clear: Turkey in the pre-Erdogan era was no liberal democratic nirvana. Since its creation in 1923, the republic has had to endure three military coups against elected governments: in 1960, 1971, and 1980. The AKP government is the first to succeed in neutering the military. And its paranoia is not wholly unjustified: Turkey's constitutional court was just one vote from banning the AKP in 2008, and a series of alleged anti-government plots and conspiracies were exposed in 2010 and 2011.
"I am concerned by the numbers [of imprisoned journalists] but they're not all innocent," the AKP MP Nursuna Memecan tells me. "Many of them were plotting against the government." It's a line echoed by her party leader. "It is hard for western countries to understand the problem because they do not have journalists who engage in coup attempts and who support and invite coups," declared Erdogan in a speech in January.
Perhaps. But the AKP's crackdown on dissent, on basic freedoms of speech and expression, has gone beyond all civilised norms. "We do need to expand free speech in Turkey," admits Memecan.
Those of us who have long argued that elected Islamist parties should not be denied the opportunity to govern invested great hope in Erdogan and the AKP. But what I discovered in Istanbul is that there is still a long way to go. The truth is that Turkey cannot be the model, the template, for post-revolutionary, Muslim-majority countries like Tunisia and Egypt until it first gets its own house in order. To inspire freedom abroad, the Turkish government must first guarantee freedom at home.
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Comments
10 June 2012 5:18PM
Surprise surprise. An Islamist government cracks down on free speech. Who would have thought.
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Share10 June 2012 5:28PM
What a surprise...tell us more...next Britain...censorship is freedom...Orwell
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Share10 June 2012 5:29PM
its shame because turkey is an asian country with european narrative and how it came together in pride of its secular governing and it is to be suggested that every middle eastern country should follow its path toward a stable democracy
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Share10 June 2012 5:36PM
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10 June 2012 5:40PM
No surprise. This is the same man who disrupted a NATO summit by threatening to veto the appointment of Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the prime minister of Denmark, as its new secretary-general, for not shutting down down the press for printing cartoons. (You know the ones). Pretty much tells us everything we need to know about his conceptions of freedom.
Oh almost forgot. He was also pissed that the Danish government refused to shut down Kurdish language broadcasters.
I have not heard much about Turkey joining the EU lately. That's good news.
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Share10 June 2012 5:41PM
The loss of free speech in Turkey is not only unsurprising it is inevitable. Islam and free speech don't mix. More Islam, less freedom.
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Share10 June 2012 5:44PM
Not necessarily.
In both China and Iran the tulers are above such bourgeois/kuffar concepts as rule of law. Bad as Turkey's record is, it acts within the law; albeit within bad laws. That's aside from the question of how China and Iran define journalists. In both countries people are locked up for illegally practising journalism.
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Share10 June 2012 5:45PM
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10 June 2012 5:47PM
I don't know about Turkey but we seem to be losing freedom of speech in this country.
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Share10 June 2012 5:49PM
What, prof, youmean rupert Murdoch doesn't control News International or Lorf Rothermere the Daily Mail and General Trust?
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Share10 June 2012 5:51PM
Sir......................why should Turkey join a failed Franco-German Euro project?
Have you been asleep - Turkey has rightly turned its back on Europe and turned to the Middle East. Since then it has prospered and gained huge repsect.
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Share10 June 2012 5:51PM
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10 June 2012 5:55PM
I never thought they had 'freedom of speech'.
Even the letters 'Q', 'W', & 'X' are illegal. Your first paragraph alone contains seven forbidden Ws.
http://www.theworld.org/2009/11/illegal-letters-in-turkey/
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Share10 June 2012 6:03PM
Sounds a whole lot like New Labour to me.
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Share10 June 2012 6:04PM
Sir................no such thing as free speech.
Groups in control dictate the terms of what can be classed as free speech. If it is not favourable then it is censored.
Like this CIF that has been removing my posts for the last 2 weeks. Who's putitng pressure on you?
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Share10 June 2012 6:06PM
Actually I gather that large parts of the Middle East aren't too happy about that, accusing Turkey of practicing a breed of cultural imperialism similar to that practiced by the United States in Europe.
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Share10 June 2012 6:06PM
Sir..........can we not crititise anything or anyone except Muslims?
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Share10 June 2012 6:07PM
What broad topics were your posts about? (only need the subject heading).
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Share10 June 2012 6:11PM
Sir...................have you noticed the rapid and high "recommends" given to all anti musim replies.
Looks like an orchestrated group at work. I wonder who they could be?
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Share10 June 2012 6:13PM
A cross section of British society.
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Share10 June 2012 6:13PM
And now, just as hardline communists first defended Stalin's crimes, and then resorted to the "well, he's not a real communist" defence, you're going to have to explain why it is that the first thing Islamist parties to is suppress anyone who disagrees with them.
Fortunately, this sort of stuff means that there is no chance whatsoever of Turkey ever joining the EU. Which is fine, but we can expect all sorts of "oh, you're all racist" whining from the usual suspects.
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Share10 June 2012 6:14PM
Turkey has rightly turned its back on Europe and turned to the Middle Ages.
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Share10 June 2012 6:14PM
So that's why Turkey has been given to play a key role in Syria's civil conflict - to ensure no free speech is given to Syrians after the US, Turkey and Saudis force a regime change in Syria.
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Share10 June 2012 6:14PM
I bet Erdogan wants a less secular state than he admits in public. He has a certain rhetorical style when he speaks about Turkeys role in the world that in my understanding doesn't promote secular European values. I think there is a difference in his value system and what Europe thinks an open society should look like. This isn't bad for itself if the Turkish people want it. But it drives Turkey away from the EU.
I hope Turkey progresses and comes finally closer to Europe. Mostly for sentimental reasons, since my first teenage girlfriend was Turkish. So I probably have a better view on Turkey then most Germans.
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Share10 June 2012 6:15PM
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10 June 2012 6:17PM
Turkey has been going to the dogs for years
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Share10 June 2012 6:19PM
Haven't you noticed most people are suspicious of all organised religion, labels and institutions...check out the anti catholic comments on here...
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Share10 June 2012 6:21PM
It seems that everywhere in the World Human Rights are under attack.
It's a good job here in the UK we have a Home Secretary who is willing to protect Human Rights at all costs.
Unless they're invoked by foreigners of course!
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Share10 June 2012 6:21PM
Good article.
And I don't think I've ever said that about a Mehdi Hasan piece before now.
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Share10 June 2012 6:22PM
Havn't you ever noticed gang metality, the herd stands up for the herd...no different in any part of the world unless you get control...possibility.
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Share10 June 2012 6:24PM
How far is Erdogan's behaviour inspired by islamism and how far by Turkish society and traditions? The laws he uses existed before he came to power and were used by avowedly secularist Turkish parties. He may be an islamist, but he is also a Turkish nationalist.
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Share10 June 2012 6:25PM
So all Syrians have free speech at present? Your name isn't Putin by any chance?
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Share10 June 2012 6:27PM
I find the entire article a bit like I find many of the essays I have marked for 1st year uni students... superficial correct yet fundamentally lacking in any real analysis which can lead to appropriate conclusions.
Firstly, lets assume that there is a trend towards an erosion of free speech (for which there is lots of evidence to the contrary...the picture is much more complex). The article attributes this to an 'islamist' government. The same islamist government that has increased freedom in other areas. Clearly its much more complicated than islamist = inevitable erosion of freedom.
The article to be truly convincing would have done something like the following:
1) Identify the aspects that would support an erosion of freedom of speech
2) Identify facts to the contrary (which are numerous)
3) come to a reasoned synthesis regarding the apparent contradiction about the above
4) Analyse a similar trend of curtailment of freedom of speech in other countries - e.g USA, UK - note that this seems to be a worldwide trend, irrespective of the presence of an 'islamist' government
5) Set out reasons that may explain this worldwide phenomenon
6) Analyse why the conditions in Turkey are uniqueregarding this alleged restriction of freedom of speech cf the global trend and uniquely tied to the AKP government
None of this was done. Instead we just get trash. I only assume that this is because they couldnt formulate an argument that refutes many of the inevitable contradictions that are present (because he doesnt have one) or he didnt even have the intellect to formulate a more comprehensive argument. Neither of which engenders confidence that he knows what he is talking about. As it is, the article is utterly unconvincing in trying to tie specific erosions of freedom to a specific AKP ideology versus a more insidious worldwide trend.
Im a bloody scientist/doctor and can formulate a much more convincing structure for the article in a few seconds than this journalist.
Better articles next time please..
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Share10 June 2012 6:30PM
Good point. I don't see Erdogan's actions to date as a manifestation of islamofascism
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Share10 June 2012 6:31PM
Alleged plots that apparently include Zionist spies of the feathered variety. A news report from Ynet news ...
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4229295,00.html
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Share10 June 2012 6:31PM
Do you support free speech?
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Share10 June 2012 6:40PM
Sir........case in example. Eques writes a meaningless question and gets 4 recommends. Come on CIF whats going on?
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Share10 June 2012 6:41PM
More on the Turkish pianist charged with insulting Islam. From Associated Press, June 1st ...
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iAm4pAzx5JmqBCD6ddm6BWD3SgRQ?docId=034f08956d5e4d27940667aaa83b51ce
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Share10 June 2012 6:43PM
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10 June 2012 6:49PM
Sir....................peteNW1 post is a case of 1+1 = 3 but its alright for peteNW1 to make light of these security concerns cos its Turkey a Muslim country .
If a Muslim made such a remark eveytime the US government cracked down on civil liberties and free speech in reply to some alleged plot then they would either be in guantanamo or in some mental asylum. The media would brandish them as an enemy within and to live with the crackdowns.
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Share10 June 2012 6:57PM
Come on, Prof: do you really believe there is any likelihood that Israel is sending out bee-eaters "implanted with a surveillance device" to Turkey as part of an espionage mission? PeterNW1 was commenting on the paranoia and gullibility of some people.
Mind you, there's a lot of it about:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12120259
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Share10 June 2012 6:58PM
Not quite what the Guardian writers had expected. An American government, an Israeli government - yes, but not an Islamist government.
What will the chattering classes from Islington to Clapham make of this, will it cause a pause as they sip their Chianti in the villas in Tuscany, probably not.
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Share10 June 2012 6:58PM
Has 'Kemalism' - the pro-western policy of Kemal Ataturk - come to an end in Turkey? Soner Cagaptay, writing for CNN, argues that it has ...
The rest of the article is here ...
http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/02/kemalism-is-dead-but-not-ataturk/
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Share10 June 2012 7:12PM
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Share10 June 2012 7:19PM
There are problems with press freedom in Turkey - and it is right to be concerned about them.
However, the Turkish press is vastly more free than it was 20 or 30 years ago.
Take the following by Cengiz Aktar from Today's Zaman (April 25, 2012), a paper loosely affiliated to the Gulen Islamic movement, itself very loosely linked to the ruling AK Party:
20 years ago this would have got Cengiz Aktar a lengthy prison sentence. Today's views like this are the subject of serious debate in Turkey.
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Share10 June 2012 7:25PM
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10 June 2012 7:29PM
"Democracy is like a train. We shall get out when we arrive at the station we want."
- the mildly Islamist Erdogan
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Share10 June 2012 7:37PM
Anyone with a working brain cell?
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Share10 June 2012 7:39PM
Pasha Erdogan has a thin skin.
Heaven forbid, the treasonous cultural elites dare to offend his darling child. Or, heavons to Betsy, allowing a filthy foreign writer to offend the dignity of the Turkish nation.
The peasants in the countryside might get the wrong ideas. We can't have them forget that Erdogan is their sainted defender from the atheistic and vulgar hordes of city dwellers in Istanbul.
Oops, Kurdish peasant need not apply.
Heymat, pissed at wannabe, Tinpot despots.
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Share10 June 2012 7:39PM
This is untrue.
In recent years, there has been a massive expansion of writing in Kurdish - which contains the letters 'q', 'w', and 'x'. Writing in Kurdish has been legal in Turkish since at least 1978, when I bought some Kurdish books in Turkey (with the court decisions authorising their publication conveniently placed at the back of the books).
Turkey's Kurds have had a hard time getting their language accepted, but there is now an active Kurdish language press, as well as Kurdish radio and television.
The Turkish ultra-nationalist National Action Party (MHP), not to be outdone, recently launched its own Kurdish language newspaper!
http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2012/06/01/mhpden-kurtce-bir-gazeteye-ilk-roportaj
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