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Languages of Indonesia (Papua)

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Indonesia (Papua). 2,220,934 (2000 census). Information mainly from M. Donohue 1998–1999; C. Roesler 1972; C. Voorhoeve 1975; SIL 1975–2003. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Papua) is 276. Of those, 274 are living languages and 2 are second languages without mother-tongue speakers.

Abinomn	[bsa] 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict, Lakes Plain area, Baso River mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg River, to headwaters in Foya Mountains. Alternate names: Avinomen, “Baso” , Foja, Foya. Dialects: Similar to Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Language isolate More information.
Abun	[kgr] 3,000 (1995 SIL). Sorong Regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, Moraid subdistricts; North coast and interior of central Bird’s Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. About 20 villages. Alternate names: A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun. Dialects: Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je. Classification: Language isolate More information.
Aghu	[ahh] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Merauke Regency, Jair subdistrict, south coast area, Digul River west of Mandobo language. Alternate names: Djair, Dyair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Airoran	[air] 1,000 (1998 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Hilir, Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, other villages; north coast area on lower Apauwer River. Alternate names: Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast More information.
Ambai	[amk] 10,100 (2000). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts. On Ambai Island in Cenderawasih Bay, south of Serui Island, along the south coast of Serui Island. 10 villages. Alternate names: Ambai-Menawi. Dialects: Randawaya, Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), Manawi. Closely related to Ansus [and], Woi [wbw], Pom [pmo], Wabo [wbb], Marau [mvr], Papuma [ppm], Munggui [mth], Kurudu [kjr]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Anasi	[bpo] 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo River. Alternate names: Bapu. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Ansus	[and] 4,600 (1987 SIL). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni and Yenusi villages; Miosnum Island and Serui Island south coast. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau Papuma [ppm], 77% with Wandamen [wao]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Anus	[auq] 320 (2005 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Coastal area and island off north coast east of Biri River. Alternate names: Koroernoes, Koru. Dialects: Similar to Podena [pdn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Arandai	[jbj] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Manokwari Regency, Bintuni subdistrict, South Bird’s Head, east and west of Wariaga River, Sebyar (Timoforo) River area. Alternate names: Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban. Dialects: Kemberano (Tomu), Dombano (Arandai). Related to Kais [kzm]. Lexical similarity: 71% between the Kemberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern More information.
Arguni	[agf] 150 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula on an island in the Maccluer Gulf. Alternate names: Argoeni. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information.
As	[asz] 230 (2000 S. Wurm). West Bird’s Head, north coast, Asbakin (main center), Maklaumkarta, Mega villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with some dialects on Misool Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Asmat, Casuarina Coast	[asc] 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Mappi Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts; Casuarina coast from Ewta River north to Kuti River south, and inland. Alternate names: Kaweinag. Dialects: Matia, Sapan (Safan). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Asmat, Central	[cns] 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast from Owap River northwest to Farec River southwest, inland toward the foothills and inland. Also Mappi Regency coast, Nambai and Edera subdistricts, south of Yaqay [jaq] language. Alternate names: Jas, Manowee, Yas. Dialects: Simai (Simay), Misman, Ajam (Ayam). North Asmat most distinct dialect. Related to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers. Similar to Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Asmat, North	[nks] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Merauke Regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Paterle Cocq River headwaters west to Unir River east to the foothills. Alternate names: Keenok. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Asmat, Yaosakor	[asy] 2,000 (1991 SIL). Asmat Regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast along Sirac River. Alternate names: Yaosakor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Atohwaim	[aqm] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Mappi Regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast on Cook and Kronkel rivers, between Sawi [saw] and Kayagar [kyt]. Alternate names: Kaugat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information.
Auye	[auu] 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 SIL). Paniai Regency, Napan subdistrict. Central Highlands, Siriwo River, mountains southeast of Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: Auwje. Dialects: Related to Ekari [ekg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.
Awbono	[awh] 100 (1999 SIL). 100% monolingual. Modera River, south of Kopkaka [opk] and northwest of Korowai [khe]. Alternate names: Kvolyab. Dialects: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna [mqf], or highland languages like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: Bayono-Awbono More information.
Awera	[awr] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict. East side of Cenderawasih Bay, Wapoga River mouth. 1 village. Classification: Lakes Plain, Awera More information.
Awyi	[auw] 350 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura Regency, Arso subdistrict, northeast near Papua New Guinea border, just south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao. Classification: Border, Taikat More information.
Awyu, Asue	[psa] 6,500 (2002 SIL). South coast area, southwest of Wildeman River, east of Kampong River, inland from Pirimapun. Alternate names: Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa. Dialects: Similar to Edera Awyu [awy], South Awyu [aws]. Distinct from Central Awyu [awu], Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Awyu, Central	[awu] 7,500 (2002 M. Sohn). Mappi and Boven Digul Regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast east of Bipim, northwest of Yaqay [jaq], west of Tanamerah, southwest of Boma. Alternate names: Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon. Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Awyu, Edera	[awy] 3,870 (2002 SIL). Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. Alternate names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Awyu, Jair	[awv] 2,300 (2002 SIL). South coast area, west of Mandobo Bawah [bwp], south of Aghu [ahh]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Awyu, North	[yir] 1,500 (1987 SIL). South coast west side of Digul River, south of Kombai [tyn], east of Central Awyu [awu]. Alternate names: Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Awyu, South	[aws] 9,340 (2002 SIL). Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. Alternate names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information.
Bagusa	[bqb] 300 (1987 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mamberamo, Lake Rombebai, north of Kauwera [xau]. Alternate names: Kapeso, Suaseso. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information.
Baham	[bdw] 1,100 (1987 SIL). Fakfak Regency; Kaimana, Fakfak and Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai Peninsula east of the Iha [ihp] language. Alternate names: Patimuni. Dialects: Similar to Iha. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper More information.
Barapasi	[brp] 2,500 (1995 SIL). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawasih Bay just east of the Waropen language [wrp], along Barapasi River and tributaries. Alternate names: Baropasi. Dialects: Sipisi, Marikai. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei [kpi], 71% with Sauri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Bauzi	[bvz] 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals. Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies. Lake Holmes area near mid-Mamberamo River; Danau Bira area, northeast, Kasonoweja north of Kustera; Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, Itaba villages. Alternate names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri. Dialects: Gesda Dae, Neao, Aumenefa. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi More information.
Bayono	[byl] 100 (1999 SIL). South of Awbono [awh] on Steenboom River. Dialects: Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono. Classification: Bayono-Awbono More information.
Bedoanas	[bed] 180 (2000 S. Wurm). Fakfak Regency, Kokas subdistrict, northwest coast, Bomberai Peninsula. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai More information.
Beneraf	[bnv] 200 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Tor River mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke villages. Alternate names: Boneraf, Bonerif. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Berik	[bkl] 1,200 (1994 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani and Taminambor villages. North coast area along mid and upper Tor River, inland from Sarmi. Alternate names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Betaf	[bfe] 600 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. Alternate names: Tena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Biak	[bhw] 30,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Biak and Numfor Islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Bird’s Head, including Mapia Island. Biak Numfor Kabupaten. Alternate names: Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor. Dialects: Ariom, Bo’o, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Korim, Mandusir, Mofu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sundei, Wari, Wadibu, Sorido, Bosnik, Korido, Warsa, Wardo, Kamer, Mapia, Mios Num, Rumberpon, Monoarfu, Vogelkop. Some consider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic More information.
Biga	[bhc] 300 (Remijsen 2001). Misool Island, Biga village. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Biritai	[bqq] 250 (1988 SIL). Lakes Plain just north of mid-Rouffaer River, Biri village. Alternate names: Aliki, Ati, Biri. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Obokuitai [afz], 61% with Eritai [ert], 60% with Kwerisa [kkb], 69% with Kaiy [tcq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Bonggo	[bpg] 790 (2006 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Northeast coast, near Kaisau River, Taronta, Tarawasi, Armopa villages. Alternate names: Armopa, Bogu, Bongo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Burate	[bti] 100 (2000 S. Wurm). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, near Wapoga River mouth. 1 village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Demisa [dei], 75% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Burmeso	[bzu] 250 (1998 M. Donohue). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, mid-Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). 1 village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers. Alternate names: Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap. Dialects: Less than 5% lexical similarity with other languages. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso More information.
Burumakok	[aip] 40 (1994 Kroneman). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, village of Burumakok, south of Sumtanon, east of Siradala, lowlands area south of main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Nearly extinct. More information.
Buruwai	[asi] 1,000 (2000). Fakfak Regency, Kaimana subdistrict, south Bomberai Peninsula, Kamrau Bay southwest, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. Alternate names: Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor More information.
Busami	[bsm] 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, South and north coast, Serui Island, Kamanap, Masiaroti, Kaonda villages. Dialects: 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 71% with Ansus [and], 63% with Serui-Laut [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Citak	[txt] 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Mappi Regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, south coast area, west of upper Digul River, north of Awyu, east of Asmat, Senggo, and north. 19 villages. Alternate names: Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak. Dialects: Senggo, Komasma, Bubis, Esaun, Pirabanak, Vakam, Tiau. Similar to Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Citak, Tamnim	[tml] 290 (1993 R. Doriot). Mappi and Asmat Regencies, near Senggo, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, Wowi villages. Alternate names: Asmat Darat, Tamnim. Dialects: May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information.
Dabe	[dbe] 440 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, north coast east of Sarmi, Dabe village. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Damal	[uhn] 14,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of Kemandoga River source, throughout Puncak Jaya, north and south Carstens Mountains. Alternate names: Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni. Dialects: Damal, Amung, Amongme, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], Wolani [wod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal More information.
Dani, Lower Grand Valley	[dni] 20,000 (1996 SIL). Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. Dialects: Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Upper Bele, Lower Bele, Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Pyramid. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Dani, Mid Grand Valley	[dnt] 50,000 (1990 UBS). Baliem Valley. Alternate names: Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Tulem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Dani, Upper Grand Valley	[dna] 20,000 (1996). Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Dani, Western	[dnw] 180,000 (1993 census). Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga Valley. Alternate names: Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini. Dialects: Western Dani of Pyramid, Western Dani of Bokondini. Other dialects not as distinct as those listed. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Dao	[daz] 250 (1991 SIL). West central highlands, Paniai Regency, Napan subdistrict, east of Cenderawasih Bay along Dao River. Alternate names: Maniwo, “X-Ray”. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye [auu]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.
Dem	[dem] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Western highlands along upper Rouffaer River north of Damal, northeast of Western Dani. Alternate names: Lem, Ndem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Dem More information.
Demisa	[dei] 400 (2000 S. Wurm). Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa and Muyere coastal villages, Botawa village inland along Wonoi River. Alternate names: Desawa. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate [bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 60% with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi More information.
Dera	[kbv] 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690. Northeast Papua, south of Jayapura, near Waris. 13 villages. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar. Classification: Senagi More information.
Diebroud	[tbp] 140 (2000 S. Wurm). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict, Lakes Plain area south of Idenburg River east of Taiyeve. Alternate names: Taworta, Taworta-Aero, Taria, Dabra, Bok. Classification: Lakes Plain, East More information.
Dineor	[mrx] 55 (2006 SIL). North coast near the Bonggo [bpg], Maremgi village. Alternate names: Maremgi, Marengge. Dialects: Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Diuwe	[diy] 100 (1999 SIL). Southwest of Sumo, east of Catalina River. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Diuwe More information.
Doutai	[tds] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 335 (1993 R. Doriot). Lakes Plain area, Toli-Dou village, west and south of Taiyeve. Alternate names: Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Duriankere	[dbn] 30 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 60. In the strait between Salawati Island and the west end of Bird’s Head, on a small island in Raja Ampat Islands. Alternate names: Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan Nearly extinct. More information.
Dusner	[dsn] 6 (1978 SIL). Wandamen Bay area, west coast of Cenderawasih Bay, Dusner town area. 1 village. Alternate names: Dusnir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Nearly extinct. More information.
Duvle	[duv] 930 (2000). Lakes Plain area south of Van Daalen River and north of Mulia, Paniai. Eastern dialect along Dagai River, western along Fedide and Wedi rivers. Alternate names: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri. Dialects: Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle More information.
Edopi	[dbf] 1,000 (1995 SIL). Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers juncture area. Alternate names: Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central More information.
Eipomek	[eip] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Eastern highlands area, Eipo River, east of Nalca [nlc]. Alternate names: Eipo, T-Valley. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Ekari	[ekg] 100,000 (1985 Doble). West central highlands, Paniai. Alternate names: Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro. Dialects: Simori, Yabi (Jabi), Mapiya-Kegata, Mee. Most similar to Wolani [wol]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.
Elseng	[mrf] 300 (1991 SIL). Jayapura and Keerom Regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, Senggi subdistricts, south of Jayapura, northeast of Kaure [khp]. Alternate names: Djanggu, Janggu, “Morwap” , Sawa, Tabu. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Language isolate More information.
Emem	[enr] 2,000 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi [wfg]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern More information.
Eritai	[ert] 530 (2000). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts. West of Mamberamo River, Lakes Plain area in low mountains just south of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes), around Kustera airstrip: Erai (east), Kustera, and Haya (south) villages. Alternate names: Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya. Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is similar but not the same. Also related to Kaiy [tcq], Doutai [tds], Biritai [bqq]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 50% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Erokwanas	[erw] 200 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, north of Baham [bdw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai More information.
Fayu	[fau] 350 (2000 S. Wurm). West of juncture of Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers, west of Kirikiri [kiy]. Alternate names: Sehudate. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information.
Fedan	[pdn] 280 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of Biri River area. Alternate names: Podena, Fandanus. Dialects: Similar to Anus [auq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Foau	[flh] 230 (1975 SIL). East Lakes Plain area just north of lower Idenburg River, Foa and Mudiay villages. Alternate names: Doa. Dialects: Similar to Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East More information.
Gresi	[grs] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, Klaysu villages. Alternate names: Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information.
Hatam	[had] 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Manokwari Regency; Warmare, Ransiki and Oransbari subdistricts. East Bird’s Head, northeast of Manikion, south and southwest of Manokwari. Alternate names: Adihup, Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim, Miriei, Moi, Tinam, Uran. Dialects: Moi (Moire), Tinam, Miriei, Adihup, Uran. Classification: Language isolate More information.
Hupla	[hap] 3,000 (1982 WT). Central highlands area east of Baliem gorge. Alternate names: Soba. Dialects: Similar to Lower Grand Valley Dani [dni]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Iau	[tmu] 600 (2000 SIL), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 or more. Puncak Jaya Regency, Faui, Lakes Plain area between Rouffaer and upper Van Daalen rivers, Barere, Fawi, Taiyai villages. Poi dialect on Rouffaer River; Turu dialect on Van Daalen River. Alternate names: Foi, Iaw, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Dialects: Foi, Turu, Iau. Similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. The varieties listed as dialects above may be separate languages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central More information.
Iha	[ihp] 5,500 (1987 SIL). Alternate names: Kapaur. Dialects: Similar to Baham. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper More information.
Iha Based Pidgin	[ihb] Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. Classification: Pidgin, Iha based More information.
Irarutu	[irh] 4,000 (1987 SIL). East Bomberai Peninsula southwest from Arguni Bay north to Bintuni Bay. 44 villages. Alternate names: Arguni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasira. Dialects: 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity: 90% with Kuri [nbn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera More information.
Iresim	[ire] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). South Cenderawasih Bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur Lake. Alternate names: Beduba, Yerisiam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim More information.
Isirawa	[srl] 1,800 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania, Nisero, Arabais, Webro, Wari, Nuerawar, Waim villages. Alternate names: Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri. Dialects: Western Isirawa, Eastern Isirawa. Similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa More information.
Itik	[itx] 80 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 200. North coast east of Tor River, along upper Biri River. Alternate names: Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Dialects: Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Iwur	[iwo] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Iwur River valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Alternate names: Iwoer. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information.
Jofotek-Bromnya	[jbr] 200 (2007), increasing. Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Kaburi	[uka] 600 (1986 SIL). Manokwari Regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts, south Bird’s Head, north of Kokoda and Fakfak, east of Kemberano [bzp] and Arandai [jbj]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western More information.
Kais	[kzm] 700 (1993 R. Doriot). South Bird’s Head area inland along Kais River. 8 villages. Alternate names: Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western More information.
Kaiy	[tcq] 220 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain area around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer River, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Alternate names: Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Kalabra	[kzz] 3,290 (2000). West Bird’s Head, south of Madik [kgr] language, east of Moi [msf]. Alternate names: Beraur. Dialects: Most similar to Tehit [kps]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Tehit. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head More information.
Kamberau	[irx] 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). Southeast Bomberai Peninsula, Kamrau Bay area, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, Coa villages. Alternate names: Iria, Kamkbrau, Kamrau. Dialects: Similar to Buruwai [asi]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Buruwai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor More information.
Kamoro	[kgq] 8,000 (1987 SIL). South coast, Etna Bay to Mukamuga River. Alternate names: Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari. Dialects: Tarya, Yamur, Nanesa. 4 other dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro More information.
Kanum, Bädi	[khd] 10 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], north and west of Smärky Kanum [kxq], Tomer and Onggaya villages. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Nearly extinct. More information.
Kanum, Ngkâlmpw	[kcd] 150 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], north and west of Smärky Kanum [kxq], Yanggandur, Tomer, Onggaya villages. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information.
Kanum, Smärky	[kxq] 80 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz] and the other Kanum language areas. Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages, bordering Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information.
Kanum, Sota	[krz] 100 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], south of Yei [jei], Sota village. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information.
Kapauri	[khp] 200 (2006 SIL). Upper Idenburg River, north bank, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Alternate names: Kapori. Classification: Kaure, Kapore More information.
Kaptiau	[kbi] 230 (2006 SIL). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. Alternate names: Kaptiauw, Kapitiauw. Dialects: Most similar to Tarpia [tpf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Karas	[kgv] 240 (1983 SIL). Karas Island, off southwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, southeast from Fak Fak, Antalisa and Mas. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas More information.
Karon Dori	[kgw] 5,000 (1987 SIL). Central Bird’s Head north of Brat, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa villages. Alternate names: Maiyach, Mari, Meon. Dialects: Similar to Mai Brat [ayz]. Classification: Maybrat More information.
Kaure	[bpp] 450 (1995 SIL). Southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages. Alternate names: Kaureh. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information.
Kauwera	[xau] 400 (1987 SIL). East of mid-Mamberamo, north and south of Kasonaweja. Alternate names: Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information.
Kawe	[kgb] 600 (Remijsen 2001). Waigeo Island, west end off west coast of Bird’s Head, Raja Ampat Islands, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, Menyefun villages. Dialects: Related to Maya [slz], Maden [xmx], Matbat [xmt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Kayagar	[kyt] 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. South coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. Alternate names: Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar. Dialects: Most similar to Tamagario [tcg]; related to Atohwaim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information.
Kayupulau	[kzu] 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 573 (1978 SIL). Jayapura harbor, Kayubatu and Kayupulau villages. Alternate names: Kajupulau. Dialects: Not a dialect of Tobati (Yotafa) [tti]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Nearly extinct. More information.
Kehu	[khh] 25 (2002 SIL). Wapoga River between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information.
Keijar	[kdy] 370 (2005 SIL). North coast east of Tor River mouth. Alternate names: Keder. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 45% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Kemberano	[bzp] 1,500 (1987 SIL). South Bird’s Head coast, east of Komundan River, south of Arandai [jbj]; northwest Bomberai Peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bintuni Bay, several villages. Alternate names: Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar. Dialects: Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity: 85% with Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern More information.
Kembra	[xkw] 20 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 50. Jayawijaya Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, east of Sogber River. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information.
Kemtuik	[kmt] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup, Aimbe, Sabron Yaru villages. East of Gresi [grs]. Alternate names: Kamtuk, Kemtuk. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Gresi. Classification: Nimboran More information.
Ketengban	[xte] 9,970 (2000). Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes scattered, east of Eipomek [eip] and west of Ngalum [szb]. Alternate names: Kupel, Oktengban. Dialects: Okbap, Omban, Bime, Onya. Lexical similarity: 69% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western More information.
Ketum	[ktt] 900 (2003 SIL). 99% monolinguals. Northeast of Wambon [wms]. Alternate names: Kitum, Wambon-Ketum. Dialects: Related to Wambon, Mandobo. Lexical similarity: 49% with Wambon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Kimaghima	[kig] 3,000 (1987 SIL). West of southeast Papua, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island, east of Marauke, Ngolar II. Alternate names: Kimaghama, Kaladdarsch, Teri-Kalwasch, Kimaama. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information.
Kimki	[sbt] 500 (2004 SIL). Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Batom subdistrict, border area where Sepik River enters Papua. Alternate names: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong. Classification: Sepik, Biksi More information.
Kirikiri	[kiy] 250 (1982 SIL). Most monolingual. Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers juncture west, Dofu Wahuka, Paniai villages. Alternate names: Kirira. Dialects: Kirikiri, Faia. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information.
Kofei	[kpi] 100 (2000 S. Wurm). East side of Geelvink Bay, recently moved to Sauri-Sirami village. Possibly seminomads in the interior. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 67% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Kokoda	[xod] 3,700 (1991 SIL). Bird’s Head, south coast on Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan. Alternate names: Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof. Dialects: Kasuweri (Komudago), Negri Besar (Negeri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central More information.
Kombai	[tyn] 4,000 (1991 SIL). South coast area east of Senggo, Boma area. Alternate names: Komboy. Dialects: Central Kombai, Tayan. Most similar to Wanggom [wng]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Komyandaret	[kzv] 300 (2000 SIL). East of Korowai [khe], north of Tsaukambo [kvz] and Wanggom [wng]. Dialects: Similar to Tsaukambo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum More information.
Konda	[knd] 500 (1988 SIL). Southwest Bird’s Head, Teminabuan subdistrict, lower Waromge River south of Teminabuan, Konda village. Alternate names: Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Yahadian [ner]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian More information.
Koneraw	[kdw] 1,200 (2001 SIL). Frederik Hendrik Island south coast. Alternate names: Konorau. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum More information.
Kopkaka	[opk] 400 (2002 SIL). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, Burungmakok villages. Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Alternate names: Kopka. Dialects: Marub, Tokuni. Similar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western More information.
Korowai	[khe] 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals. South coast area, north of Boma, northeast of Senggo, southeast of Siradela, southwest of Awimbon. Alternate names: Kolufaup. Dialects: North Korowai, South Korowai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai More information.
Korupun-Sela	[kpq] 8,000 (1996 E. Young). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, Burungmakok villages. East highlands on upper reaches of Erok River, southwest of Nalca, east of Yali of Ninia. Alternate names: Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun. Dialects: Korupun (Duram), Dagi, Sisibna (Gobugdua), Deibula, Sela. Related to Nalca [nlc]. Lexical similarity 60% with Nipsan [nps]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Kosare	[kiq] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Hulu Atas, west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers juncture. Alternate names: Kosadle. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information.
Kowiai	[kwh] 600 (2000 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula; southwest coast, Kaimana; Kamrau Bay on several islands, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala, Kayumerah villages. Alternate names: Adi, Aiduma, Kaiwai, Kajumerah, Kayumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote. Dialects: Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala. Central Malayo-Polynesian (1991 R. Blust). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai More information.
Kuri	[nbn] 500 (1982 SIL). Southwest Bomberai Peninsula, Nabi (Kuri) River area west from Wandamen Bay. 16 villages. Alternate names: Modan, Nabi. Dialects: Similar to Irarutu [irh]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Irarutu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Unclassified More information.
Kurudu	[kjr] 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Kurudu Island between east tip of Serui Island and mainland of Papua east, Kaipuri, Poiwai villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Wabo [wbb], 46% with Western Serui. Kaipuri dialect has highest lexical similarity with Yapen group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East More information.
Kwer	[kwr] 100 (1998 M. Donohue). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Dialects: Similar to Kopkaka [opk]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western More information.
Kwerba	[kwe] 2,500 (1996 SIL). Upper Tor River area, northeast, headwaters of Apauwer River inland from Sarmi east to Berik language, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem around Apiaweti villages. Alternate names: Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Serikenam, Tekutameso. Dialects: Serikenam, Sasawa, Nogukwabai. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information.
Kwerba Mamberamo	[xwr] 300 (1993 R. Doriot). East of Mamberamo River, south of Kasonaweja, in mountains above Kwerba, Edifalen, Marinafalen, villages. Alternate names: Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information.
Kwerisa	[kkb] 32 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 130. Lower Rouffaer River, Kaiy village. Alternate names: Taogwe. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Nearly extinct. More information.
Kwesten	[kwt] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Lower Tor River, north coast area east of Sarmi, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, Omte villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Kwinsu	[kuc] 500 (2007). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. Alternate names: Ansudu. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Legenyem	[lcc] 250 (2000 S. Wurm). Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo Island in northwest end of main bay and on south coast, Beo, Lempintol, Wawiai villages. Alternate names: Laganyan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Lepki	[lpe] 530 (1991 SIL). Jayawijaya Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, on Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban. Dialects: Possible genetic similarities with Murkim [rmh]. Classification: Unclassified More information.
Liki	[lio] 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. Sarmi Regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. Alternate names: Moar. Dialects: Similar to Sobei [sob]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Nearly extinct. More information.
Maden	[xmx] 600 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, west Salawati Island. Alternate names: Palamul, Saparan, Sapran. Dialects: Kawait. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Mai Brat	[ayz] 20,000 (1987 SIL). Central Bird’s Head around Ayamaru Lakes. About 40 villages. Alternate names: Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Maybrat, Mey Brat. Dialects: Maisawiet, Maiyah, Maimaka, Maite, Maisefa. Lexical similarity: 10% with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat More information.
Mairasi	[zrs] 3,300 (1996 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula, southwest coast of neck, east and northeast from Kaimana, Wasior, Triton Bay. Alternate names: Faranyao, Kaniran. Dialects: Northeastern Mairasi. Similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi, 61% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi More information.
Maklew	[mgf] 120. South coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] languages. Alternate names: Makleu. Dialects: Similar to Yelmek. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew More information.
Malay, Papuan	[pmy] 500,000, increasing. Papua. Dialects: Similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information.
Mander	[mqr] 20 (1991 SIL). Upper Tor River tributary of upper Bu River, north coast area. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Nearly extinct. More information.
Mandobo Atas	[aax] 1,000 (2002 SIL). Fly River border area east of Digul River between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah. Alternate names: Dumut, “Kaeti” , Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Mandobo Bawah	[bwp] 2,000 (2002 SIL). Fly River border area east of Digul River between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, Kaisah villages. Alternate names: Dumut, “Kaeti” , Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Manem	[jet] 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). South of Jayapura, northeast border area, Wembi, Yeti, Kiba villages. Alternate names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti. Classification: Border, Waris More information.
Manikion	[mnx] 12,000 (1987 SIL). East Bird’s Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari. About 50 villages. Alternate names: Mantion, Sogh, Sougb. Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Mantion More information.
Mapia	[mpy] 1. Mapia Islands, about 290 kms. north of Manokwari. Alternate names: Mapian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic Nearly extinct. More information.
Marau	[mvr] 1,700 (1987 SIL). Serui Island south coast. 5 villages. Dialects: Warabori (Natabui, Warembori). Lexical similarity: 82% with Pom [pmo], Munggui [mth], Papuma [ppm], Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Marind	[mrz] 7,000 (1987 SIL). Merauke south coast area, and north and west. Alternate names: Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri. Dialects: Gawir, Southeast Marind, Tugeri, Halifoersch. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind More information.
Marind, Bian	[bpv] 2,900 (2002 M. Sohn). Merauke Regency, Muting subdistrict, Upper Bian River area, Maro River, Sanayu village. Alternate names: Bian, Boven-Mbian, Northwest Marind. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with Marind [mrz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind More information.
Masimasi	[ism] 10 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Island off north coast east of Tor River mouth. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Nearly extinct. More information.
Massep	[mvs] 25 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 85. North coast east of Mamberamo River mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer River. Alternate names: Masep, Potafa, Wotaf. Classification: Language isolate Nearly extinct. More information.
Matbat	[xmt] 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, Misool Island, Segaf Islands. Alternate names: Me. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Mawes	[mgk] 850 (2006 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, northeast coast east of Sarmi, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti villages. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Mawes More information.
Ma’ya	[slz] 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, central Waigeo Island and central Salawati Island. Alternate names: Sailolof, Salawati, Samate. Dialects: Ma’ya, Banlol, Batanta Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Mekwei	[msf] 1,200 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, Sabron Dosay villages. Alternate names: Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei, Waipu. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information.
Meoswar	[mvx] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Meoswar Island, west Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: War. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic More information.
Mer	[mnu] 85 (2000). Central Bird’s Head, Wosimi and Uremo river headwaters. Alternate names: Miere, Muri. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 63% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mairasi [zrs]. Classification: Mairasi More information.
Meyah	[mej] 14,800 (2000). East Bird’s Head, north coast, west of Manokwari, north of Hattam [had]; scattered. Alternate names: Arfak, Mansibaber, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach. Dialects: Most similar to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax More information.
Mlap	[kja] 300 (2000 S. Wurm). West of Lake Sentani, just north of Gresi [grs]. Alternate names: Kuangsu-Bonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information.
Mo	[wkd] 550 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and Wakde Island off the north coast just east of Tor River. Alternate names: Wakde. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Moi	[mxn] 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot). Salawati Island, west Bird’s Head around Sorong. 9 villages. Alternate names: Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana. Dialects: Mosemah. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head More information.
Molof	[msl] 200 (1978 SIL). South of Jayapura, west of Senggi, Molof and Waley villages. Alternate names: Ampas, Poule. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information.
Mombum	[mso] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Island next to southeast coast of Fredrik Hendrik Island. Alternate names: Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komolom. Dialects: Most similar to Koneraw [kdw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum More information.
Momina	[mmb] 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Lowlands just south of main ranges southeast of Una [mtg], Samboka village. Classification: Somahai More information.
Momuna	[mqf] 2,000 (2000 S. Wurm). 2,000 monolinguals. Lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq]. Alternate names: Somage, Somahai, Sumohai. Classification: Somahai More information.
Moni	[mnz] 20,000 (1991 SIL). Central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. Alternate names: Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Migani. Dialects: Awembak (Awembiak). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.
Mor	[mhz] 700 (1987 SIL). Mor Islands, east Cenderawasih Bay near Nabire. Alternate names: Austronesian Mor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor More information.
Mor	[moq] 25 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest Bomberai Peninsula, Bintuni Bay coast. Alternate names: Mor2. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mor Nearly extinct. More information.
Moraid	[msg] 1,000 (1988 SIL). South coast border area 20 kms. east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head More information.
Morori	[mok] 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). South coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. Alternate names: Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari. Dialects: Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Nearly extinct. More information.
Moskona	[mtj] 8,000 (1996 SIL). Southeast Bird’s Head, south of Meyah, west of Manikion. Alternate names: Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 85% with Meyah [mej]. Also related to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax More information.
Mpur	[akc] 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). North coast of Bird’s Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar Valley. Alternate names: Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar. Dialects: Sirir, Ajiw. Classification: Language isolate More information.
Munggui	[mth] 800 (1982 SIL). North coast of Serui Island, Munggui, Windesi, Murui, Asei Puramati villages. Alternate names: Natabui. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau [mvr] and Papuma [ppm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Murkim	[rmh] 290 (2004 SIL). Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa [yet], Mot and Milki villages. Dialects: Possible genetic relationship to Lepki [lpe]. Classification: Unclassified More information.
Muyu, North	[kti] 8,000 (2002 SIL). South coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms]. Alternate names: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Moejoe, Niinati, Ninatie, North, North Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Dialects: Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information.
Muyu, South	[kts] 4,000 (2002 SIL). South coast, just north of Fly River border between Papua, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Dialects: Metomka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information.
Nafri	[nxx] 1,630 (1975 SIL). Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa Bay, Nafri village. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information.
Nakai	[nkj] 700 (1999 M. Donohue). East of upper Digul River, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Iwur. Alternate names: Na’ai, Na’i, Nagai. Dialects: Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain More information.
Nalca	[nlc] 11,100 (2000). Northeast of Korupun and southeast of Nipsan, north slopes, east highlands area. Alternate names: Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Naltje, Naltya. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 59% with Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Namla	[naa] 30 (2005 SIL). Senggi Subistrict, Keerom Regency, Namla village. Dialects: Possible genetic relationship to Tofanma [tlg]. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information.
Narau	[nxu] 85 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura area, Kecamatan Kaureh. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information.
Ndom	[nqm] 1,200 (2002 SIL). Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island. Dialects: Most similar to Kimaghima [kig], Riantana [ran]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information.
Nduga	[ndx] 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Jayawijaya, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Scattered. Alternate names: Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem. Dialects: Sinak Nduga, Hitadipa Nduga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information.
Ngalum	[szb] 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 18,000. Northeast of Nakai, valleys of Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, perhaps Ok Bon, main range border area north of Muyu [kts] (Yongkom) and Iwur [iwo]. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Sibil. Dialects: Ngalum, Apmisibil, Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum More information.
Nggem	[nbq] 4,400 (2005). North of Wamena, middle Haflifoeri River. Dialects: Similar to Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 67% with Yali (Pass Valley) [yac], 62% with Walak, and 50% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Nimboran	[nir] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). North Papua, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. Alternate names: Nambrong. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information.
Ninggerum	[nxr] 1,000 in Indonesia. Border area and in Papua New Guinea between Ok Birim and Ok Tedi rivers. Alternate names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information.
Nipsan	[nps] 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Jayawijaya, Kurima, just west of Hmanggona. Alternate names: Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 78% with Kosarek Yale [kkl], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Nisa	[njs] 500 (1987 SIL). East side of Geelvink Bay inland, Danau Nisa area. Alternate names: Bonefa, Kerema. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Obokuitai	[afz] 120 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain just north of mid-Rouffaer River, Obogwi village. Alternate names: Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai. Dialects: Related to Doutai [tds], Biritai [bqq], Sikaritai [tty]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Eritai [ert], 69% with Biritai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Onin	[oni] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). North and northwest Bomberai Peninsula. Alternate names: Onim, Sepa. Dialects: Nikuda, Ogar, Patipi, Sepa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information.
Onin Based Pidgin	[onx] Onin Peninsula. Classification: Pidgin, Onin based More information.
Ormu	[orz] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). North coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops Mountains, Ormu Besar, Ormu Kecil villages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay More information.
Orya	[ury] 1,600 (1985 SIL). No monolinguals. 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. Unurum-Guay, Bonggo subdistrict, Lereh subdistrict, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. Alternate names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu. Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya More information.
Papasena	[pas] 400 (1982 SIL). Lakes Plain area, lower Idenburg River just east of Rouffaer River juncture. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 23% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Papuma	[ppm] 600 (1982 SIL). Serui Island south coast, Papuma village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Munggui [mth], Marau [mvr], Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Pom	[pmo] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Miosnum Island, west Serui Island, Pom, Serewen, Mias Endi villages. Dialects: Jobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Puragi	[pru] 700 (1991 SIL). Southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, inland Matamani River area. Alternate names: Mogao. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western More information.
Rasawa	[rac] 200 (1987 SIL). Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi More information.
Riantana	[ran] 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Frederik Hendrik Island. Alternate names: Kimaam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information.
Roon	[rnn] 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Roon Island west of Cenderawasih Bay, north of Wandamen Peninsula. Alternate names: Ron. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Samarokena	[tmj] 400 (1982 SIL). North coast inland just east of Apawar River, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, Tamaya villages. Alternate names: Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast More information.
Saponi	[spi] 4 (2000 S. Wurm). Interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi Nearly extinct. More information.
Sauri	[srt] 100 (1987 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih Bay near Waropen [wrp], Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami River. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Barapasi [brp], 60% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Kofei [kpi], 63% with Tefaro [tfo]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Sause	[sao] 250 (2000 S. Wurm). Southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, Puaral villages. Alternate names: Seuce. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause More information.
Saweru	[swr] 300 (1991 SIL). Serui Waropen Regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui Island, an island south of Yapen Island near Serui. Alternate names: Sarwar Use. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen More information.
Sawi	[saw] 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit River area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, Comoro villages. Alternate names: Aejauroh, Sawuy. Dialects: Most similar to Awyu languages. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi More information.
Seget	[sbg] 1,200 (1988 SIL). West Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, west and southwest of Moi [mxn], Walian, Sailolof, Segum, Seget villages. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head More information.
Sekar	[skz] 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Northwest Bomberai Peninsula coast and one small island. Alternate names: Seka. Dialects: Lexical similarity: highest with Arguni [agf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information.
Semimi	[etz] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula near Kaniran, south part of neck extending west to Triton Bay. Alternate names: Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Mairasi [zrs], 63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi More information.
Sempan	[xse] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq], west of Asmat languages. Alternate names: Nararapi. Dialects: Similar to Kamoro [kgq]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan More information.
Sentani	[set] 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. Alternate names: Buyaka. Dialects: East Sentani, West Sentani, Central Sentani. Lexical similarity: 30% with Tabla [tnm]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information.
Serui-Laut	[seu] 1,200 (1987 SIL). South central Serui Island, Nau Island south of Serui. 5 villages. Alternate names: Arui. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Ansus [and], 77% with Ambai [amk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Sikaritai	[tty] 800 (1993 R. Doriot). Lakes Plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer River junctions north, Mamberamo River, Sikari, Haya, Iri villages. Alternate names: Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 86% with Eritai [ert]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Silimo	[wul] 5,000 (1987 SIL). 50% monolinguals. Central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem River, Amo, Kiniage valleys. Alternate names: Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik. Dialects: Lower Samenage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information.
Skou	[skv] 700 (1999 M. Donohue). East of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami River mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai villages. Alternate names: Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo. Dialects: Related to Vanimo [vam], Wutung [wut], Margu [mhg]. Classification: Sko, Vanimo More information.
Sobei	[sob] 1,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon). Sarmi Regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. Alternate names: Biga, Imasi, Liki. Dialects: Comprehension of, Liki [lio], Papuan Malay [pmy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Sowanda	[sow] 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). South of Jayapur, northeast border area. Alternate names: Waina, Waina-Sowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina. Classification: Border, Waris More information.
Sowari	[dmy] 1,300 (2000), decreasing. North coast west of Tanamerah Bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, Yougafsa villages. Alternate names: Demta, Muris. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta More information.
Suabo	[szp] 1,100 (1987 SIL). South Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf. 15 villages. Alternate names: Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau. Dialects: Most similar to Duriankere [dbn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan More information.
Sunum	[ymn] 560 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island off north coast, east of Tor River. Alternate names: Yamna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Tabla	[tnm] 3,750 (1990 UBS). Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahmerah Bay. Alternate names: Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah 2, Tepera. Dialects: Yokari, Tepera, Yewena-Yongsu. Yokari dialect understood by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information.
Taikat	[aos] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). Straight south of Jayapura, northeast border area. Alternate names: Arso, Tajkat. Dialects: Most similar to Awyi [auw]. Classification: Border, Taikat More information.
Tamagario	[tcg] 3,500 (1987 SIL). South coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq]. Alternate names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar. Dialects: Most similar to Kayagar [kyt], also related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information.
Tanahmerah	[tcm] 500 (1978 SIL). North Bomberai Peninsula, Gondu and Bapai rivers. Alternate names: Sumeri, Sumerine. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah More information.
Tandia	[tni] 2 (1991 SIL). Bird’s Head neck area just south of Wandamen Peninsula, Wohsimi River. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Nearly extinct. More information.
Tangko	[tkx] 100 (2000 SIL). West of Nakai [nkj], Kawemaot village. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko More information.
Tarpia	[tpf] 630 (2006 SIL). Province of Papua, Jayapura Regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarpia village. Alternate names: Tarfia, Sufrai. Dialects: Most similar to Kaptiau [kbi] and Bonggo [bgp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Tause	[tad] 300 (2000 S. Wurm). West Lakes Plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau], northwest of Edopi [dbf]. Alternate names: Darha, Doa. Dialects: Tause, Weirate, Deirate. Related to Fayu, Kirikiri [kiy]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information.
Tebi	[dmu] 220 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, south of Yafi [wfg], east of Emem [enr], north of Towei [ttn], Dubu, Jembatan Web, Affi villages. Alternate names: Dubu. Classification: Pauwasi, Western More information.
Tefaro	[tfo] 100 (1987 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih Bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. Alternate names: Demba. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Barapasi [brp], 63% with Sauri [srt], 70% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Tehit	[kps] 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals. Southwest Bird’s Head, Regency Sorong, most of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict. About 31 villages. Alternate names: Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan. Dialects: Tehit Jit, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Imyan, Sfa Riere, Fkar, Sawiat Salmeit. Most similar to Kalabra [kzz]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head More information.
Tobati	[tti] 350 (1998 M. Donohue). Jayapura Bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam villages. Alternate names: Enggros, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayapura, Jotafa, Tobwadic, Yautefa, Yotafa. Dialects: Formerly classified as Papuan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay More information.
Tofanma	[tlg] 250 (2005 SIL). South Jayapuraborder area, Keerom Regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most of Namla villages. Alternate names: Tofamna. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information.
Towei	[ttn] 120 (1975 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [dmu], west of Emem [enr]. Alternate names: Towe. Classification: Pauwasi, Western More information.
Trimuris	[tip] 300 (1999 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo River east bank, between Kauwera [xau] and Bagusa [bqb]. Dialects: Low intelligibility of Kwerba [kwe]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kauwera and 60% with Kwerba. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information.
Tsaukambo	[kvz] 780 (2000 SIL). West side of upper Digul River, north of Wanggom, south of Komyandaret. Alternate names: Kotogüt, Tsokwambo, Tsakwambo. Dialects: Most similar to Komyandaret [kzv]. Also related to Korowai [khe], Wanggom [wng], Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum More information.
Tunggare	[trt] 500 (1993 R. Doriot). North central, west of Mamberamo River, east Geelvink Bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp]. Alternate names: Tarunggare, Turunggare. Dialects: Most closely related to Bauzi [bvz]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bauzi, 75% with Burate [bti], 65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information.
Una	[mtg] 4,000 (1991 SIL). East highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela Valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip Valley, Yay Valley, around Langda, Bomela, Sumtamon. Alternate names: Goliath, Langda, Mt. Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Uruangnirin	[urn] 400 (1983 SIL). Karas Island and 2 small islands between Karas Island and mainland of southwest Bomberai Peninsula. Alternate names: Faur, Tubiruasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information.
Usku	[ulf] 110 (2004 SIL). South of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa], south of Molof [msl] areas. Alternate names: Afra. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information.
Viid	[snu] 250 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. Alternate names: Senggi. Classification: Border, Waris More information.
Vitou	[vto] 630 (2007). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. Alternate names: Takar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Wabo	[wbb] 1,500 (1987 SIL). Serui Island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. Alternate names: Nusari, Woriasi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Kurudu [kjr], 46% with Western Serui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East More information.
Waigeo	[wgo] 300 (1978 SIL). North central Waigeo Island off western Bird’s Head, Sorong Regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, Warsanbin, Selegop, Waifoi, Go, Kabilol, Kabare, and Nyandesawai villages. Alternate names: Ambel, Amber, Amberi, Waigiu. Dialects: Metnyo, Metsam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Walak	[wlw] 1,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, Wurigelebut villages. Alternate names: Lower Pyramid, Wodo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information.
Wambon	[wms] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area north of Mandobo [aax], [bwp] area. Dialects: Kenon, Kenyam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Wandamen	[wad] 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih Bay along Wandamen Bay extending west to east end of Bintuni Bay. Alternate names: Bentoeni, Bentuni, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wandamen-Windesi, Windesi, Windessi. Dialects: Windesi, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wasior, Ambumi, Dasener, Aibondeni, Steenkool, Waruritinao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Wanggom	[wng] 1,180 (2002 SIL). Upper Digul River area. East of Kombai [tyn], west of Wambon [wms] areas. Alternate names: Wanggo, Wangom. Dialects: Most similar to Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information.
Wano	[wno] 7,000 (2001 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000. Central highlands area, upper Rouffaer River basin north of Damal, northwest of Dem, south of Kirikiri, Iau and Duvele, east of Moni, west of Western Dani. Alternate names: Waano. Dialects: East, Central, West. Similar to Western Dani [dnw], Nggem [nbq], Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano More information.
Warembori	[wsa] 600 (1998 SIL). North coast, Mamberamo River mouth and west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, Bonoi villages. Alternate names: Waremboivoro, Warenbori. Dialects: Bonoi Buroro. Similar to Yoke [yki]. Lexical similarity: 33% with Yoke and 30% with Austronesian. Classification: Lower Mamberamo More information.
Wares	[wai] 200 (1993 R. Doriot). North coast area inland from Kwesten language on upper Biri River, south side, Maweswares village. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information.
Waris	[wrs] 1,500 in Indonesia. Northeast Papua, Keerom Regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Walsa. Classification: Border, Waris More information.
Waritai	[wbe] 150 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain area around Taiyeve. Alternate names: Wari, Weretai. Dialects: Related to Doutai [tds]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information.
Warkay-Bipim	[bgv] 300 (1993 R. Doriot). South coast area bordering Asmat to east and Sawi to west, lower Eilanden River. 3 villages. Alternate names: Bipim, Bipim As-So. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay More information.
Waropen	[wrp] 6,000 (1987 SIL). South coast of Serui Island, East Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: Aropen, Wonti, Worpen. Dialects: Waropen Kai, Napan, Mo’or. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen More information.
Wauyai	[wuy] 300 (Remijsen 2001). Southwest Waigeo Island, Wauyai village. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information.
Woi	[wbw] 1,300 (1987 SIL). Miosnum and west Serui Islands, Wooi and Wainap villages. Alternate names: Wo’oi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Pom [pmo], Marau [mvr], Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information.
Wolani	[wod] 5,000 (1992 UBS). West central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes and northwest of Moni [mnz]. Alternate names: Woda, Woda-Mo, Wodani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.
Woria	[wor] 6 (2000 S. Wurm). Interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 63% with Kofei [kpi], 69% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Nearly extinct. More information.
Yahadian	[ner] 500 (1991 SIL). South Bird’s Head, along Maccluer Gulf between lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers. Alternate names: Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Konda [knd]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian More information.
Yale, Kosarek	[kkl] 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. Eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguruk. Alternate names: In-lom, Kosarek, Wanam, Yale-Kosarek. Dialects: Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Similar to Nipsan [nps], Nalca [nlc], and the Gilika dialect. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information.
Yali, Angguruk	[yli] 15,000 (1991 UBS). Central highlands area northwest of Nalca, east of Grand Valley Dani. Alternate names: Angguruk, Northern Yali, Yalimo. Dialects: Related to Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information.
Yali, Ninia	[nlk] 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat villages; Elelim, transmigrated by government in 1989 following earthquake. More than 50 villages. Alternate names: Jalè, Jaly, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan. Dialects: Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], Hupla [hap]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information.
Yali, Pass Valley	[yac] 5,000 (1988 SIL). Central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima. Alternate names: Abendago, North Ngalik, Pass Valley, Western Yali, Yaly. Dialects: Pass Valley, Landikma, Apahapsili. Related to Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information.
Yaqay	[jaq] 10,000 (1987 SIL). South coast Obaa River area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu]. Alternate names: Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai. Dialects: Oba-Miwamon, Nambiomon-Mabur, Bapai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay More information.
Yarsun	[yrs] 200 (1991 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Island off north coast east of Biri River. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information.
Yaur	[jau] 350 (1978 SIL). Lower end of Cenderawasih Bay, west of Iresim. Alternate names: Jaur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur More information.
Yawa	[yva] 6,000 (1987 SIL). Central Serui Island, Serui Waropen, Serui Selatan, Timur Barat, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, 18 south coast villages. Alternate names: Iau, Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Yapanani, Yava. Dialects: Central Yawa (Mora), West Yawa, South Yawa, North Yawa, East Yawa. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen More information.
Yei	[jei] 2,390 (2001 SIL). South coast border area, east of Marind along Maro River. 6 villages. Alternate names: Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey. Dialects: Upper Yei, Lower Yei. Dialects are mutually inherently intelligible only with difficulty. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey More information.
Yelmek	[jel] 400 (1978 SIL). South coast area, east side of Marianne Strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island and mainland. Alternate names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik. Dialects: Most similar to Maklew [mgf]. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew More information.
Yeretuar	[gop] 350 (2000). Lower Cenderawasih Bay, south of Wandamen [wad]. Alternate names: Goni, Umar, Umari. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar More information.
Yetfa	[yet] 1,000 in Indonesia (1996). Population total all countries: 1,200. Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east and north of Sobger River, south of Ji Mountain. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine. Dialects: Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language. Classification: Sepik, Biksi More information.
Yoke	[yki] 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Sarmi Regency, east of Warembori east of Mamberamo River, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coast from interior. Alternate names: Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 33% with Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo More information.
Zorop	[wfg] 230 (2005 SIL). Northeast Papua, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu. Alternate names: Yafi, Jafi, Yaffi, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Jafi Wagarindem, Warlef. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 25% with Emem [enr]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

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