The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management on the Promotion of

Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Planning
K. Abbasnezhadi Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

INTRODUCTION In the course of the last century, climate change, either through uncontrolled natural processes or via the effects of the human activities on the biophysical environment, has induced significant impacts on natural processes as well as human’s life. Increased rate of recurrences of such incidents as heat waves, forest fires, decrease in summer and Autumn River flows, flooding, and coastal erosion and degradation are just few examples of many already observed impacts of the climate change [1]. Any research studies and efforts to realize the past climatic events as well as the future predictions have been mainly induced by such impacts, and such researches are extremely vital for accurate and well-modeled forecasts – in line with the climate change’s impact – to address the local along with the global policies in implementing proper adaptation action plans. This means that a more accurate (with the lowest possible extend of bias) and better designed adaptation policy in regard with the impacts of the changing climate may be achieved by having a clear command of the past events and a profound insight of any future projection. In fact, when it comes to the implementation of the policies to address any adaptation measure, climate impacts, as the cause of the problem for which such measurements are considered, may induce two concerns. One is to establish a plan on how to deal with the resources in such a way to arrive at a sustainable response, and the other one is dealing with how to apply the concluded policy [2]. The first of these two concerns, in turn, impose several other constraints as well. Two of the main constraints which are the points of the current paper are: a) The availability and generation of the climate data over which temporal and spatial changes could be comprehended to establish a clear picture of the nature of the problem, and; b) The management of any available as well as continuously generating data. Each of these problems is discussed in detail, providing an understanding on how the climate data availability and management may promote better adaptation policies. 1. THE ROLE OF CLIMATE DATA IN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Our comprehension, either integral or deficient, of how the process of climate change really works is based on the climate data derived through either observational or modeling processes. A growing number of clients from a variety of disciplines such as human resource managers,

without having such abstract tools as climate data in order to supply the climate models with the required inputs. At terrestrial and atmospheric levels. In this view.g. 2. meteorologists. sand storms intensities. snow cover. and agricultural divisions in addition to those researchers who are the immediate stakeholders of such either arrived (observational) or derived (modeled) data (e. infrastructural. oceanic and atmospheric conditions at predetermined intervals and locations [4].. maps. water acidity. sea surface temperatures (SST). Therefore. and thus the need for fast. At oceanic levels. environmentalists. local or even global adaptation strategies communities should take to get themselves adapted and acclimated to either natural or human induced changes in climatic patterns cannot be delineated. Scientific materials addressing the adaptation measures over climatic projections clearly elucidate the role of climate data in this regard [3]. ice cover. climatologist. As mentioned. simple. these data are also going to be used by other sectors not investigating. in particular. 3. In fact. road and transportation. the measurements may include surface and air temperature. as well as such extreme events as hurricanes and droughts. hydrologist. tables. economic. Apart from the aforementioned necessity. forestry. carbon dioxide density. the climatic processes. precipitation. and translating the model outputs into practical charts. etc. as well as many other sectors like those studying the ecosystem processes. In this regard. Therefore. another important factor is to have the sufficient and satisfactory accessibility to the data on many other worldwide networks. and water levels are among the important variables that should be taken into account [5]. and wind speeds (including hurricanes). Such a constraint would affect many national adaptation policy approaches and incentives to address major social. complimentary. and efficient access to such data is becoming an urgent issue. They perform such measurements over terrestrial. water resources or even the state of maritime regions. surface and subsurface water levels and discharge rates (as the case for rivers). a fairly high quality climatic data and information are essential to be made available in order to evaluate the impacts as well as the vulnerabilities of the climate change in order to attain the most proper adaptation strategies. a country is required to have the necessary functional and systematic data gathering (observational) networks. climate data are served as the foundation for micro as well as macrodecision makings. etc. operational adaptation approaches may not be achieved without having the required and adequate assessing capacities. the role of climate data in defining and outlining the adaptation policies may not be underscored.) are pursuing the climate data which in turn are used to address their decisions for the betterment of any policies which would satisfy their respective sectors’ adaptive interests. etc. CLIMATE DATA OBSERVATION Regular and organized monitoring of the climatic parameters is usually performed by national centers of the meteorological observations. wind speed. ROLE OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS A particularly diverse and a major obstacle in terms of defining and describing the national as well as local adaptation policies in many developing countries is the availability of the climate data. Such data should adequately encompass the current state of the climate related parameters such as temperature.The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management health sectors. precipitation. and resource management issues affected under . For comprehending the climate dynamics along with having the ability of forecasting the regional and local climate change patterns.

Also. some of the regional climate data availability constrains within 4 distinct continental regions has been discussed. it is required to develop and enhance data availability in almost every part of the continent since the observational networks are extremely limited. it was vital to implement the GCOS Action Plans in Africa. REGIONAL CLIMATE DATA AVAILABILITY CONSTRAINTS In this section. In this regard. To further encourage the aforesaid notion. defining. improved local.3. Conference of the Parties (COP). Abbasnezhadi. etc. 3. and means of data collection (observation) which have already been established in developed countries may be transferred either directly (through intergovernmental organizations) or via the international organizations (e. This would eventually address the adaptation policies at local. IPCC. 2011 the climate change impacts [6].3 K. and the limitation of available resources and means of data collection and generation on one hand. WMO. reminding their role in supporting and improving the climatic observation systems in such developing countries [7]. Even such data already have been recorded.1. Many developed techniques. and addressing issues under threat on the other hand.1. deficiencies. At the end of the section. the future or even present climatic patterns and conditions are hard to be understood due to the fact that climate data are usually missed or outspread throughout the whole continent. and detecting.) to be implemented and applied in developing countries to enhance and further advance the capabilities of data collection mechanisms and management approaches. and breaches of the regional data gathering techniques [8]. To have an efficient adaptation policy. denser networks. the obligation of generating comprehensive banks of climate data becomes even more challenging when a few other constraints such as missing data or instrumental problems which are expected due to the technological constraints of such countries. national and global data. Article 5 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has put a great emphasis on the interests and the basic climatic needs of the developing nations by addressing the international organizations. capacities. as the governing body of the UNFCCC requested the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) to hold a series of workshops in 2000 to characterize the basic constraints. In case of the developing countries. are difficult to be obtained. 3. AFRICA In Africa.1. are taken into consideration. a case study on a collaborative project to overcome such constraints in Bangladesh is given. Action Plans were consequently established and are now under effect in many developing nations. UNFCCC. the retrieval of the past observations. creating a support network among the climate data consumers that have a common need for such data. Eventually. many of the developing countries are extremely exposed to the risks of the possible impacts of the climate change.1. and supporting better cooperation between the providers and the users of the climate data. Table 1 has summarized the main regional constrains introduced. Therefore. a Plan came into action in 2007. the Action Plans pronounce the need for developed observations. Following the workshop sessions.g. the role of developed nations in this regard cannot be ignored. and is . and rarely maintained. suffering from limited data resources besides the financial constraints. As a result of this constraint. In section 5. national or even international levels [6].

The same constraints in the availability and the density of the climate data for the modeling purposes to develop possible future scenarios can be observed. However. and poor access to the products and services. SOUTH AMERICA.1. CENTRAL AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN The case for the Latin American nations is not very much different. the main organization in charge of the collection. Other constraints in the effectiveness of the climate data are in relation with the unsynchronized and inconsistent nature of such data throughout the region [10]. datasets are not made available through National Meteorological Services websites for the scientific community to facilitate researches on the impacts of the climate change in the region. In addition. although observational stations are limited throughout the whole region. with an emphasis on the climate data for the remote areas such as islands. missed and scattered climate data is a persistent constraint. and the financial problems [11].1. water. personnel shortage and overtasking. Due to such issues. inappropriate calibration of the monitoring instruments.3. processing. PACIFIC ISLANDS The nature of the problems for some Pacific island countries is almost different. and supplying data is the governmental meteorological sector. due to such observational data deficits throughout the whole region. ice and snow cycles.The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management focused on refining and promoting the data gathering schemes over an incorporated package throughout the whole region [9]. this shortage is even more intense at high Andes Mountain ranges. carbon cycles. by undertaking the policies of the regional Action . China has become succeeded in advancing its climate data networks [4]. The key issues faced by many local networks mainly come from technical problems such as irregular and occasional maintenance practices. 3. This has put some constraints on the complimentary and effective accessibility to the data. Therefore. mountains.1. Among the contributing factors to such difficulties are the political insecurity. In this regard. Moreover. 3. and environmental properties. an exquisite database is being built over climatic variables such as the rate at which greenhouse gases are built up within the atmosphere. As an example on the efforts to overcome the regional climate data observational constraints through the context of the GCOS Action Plans. land-use.4. ASIA In many Asian countries. only a few American nations currently have operative climate change adaptation plans. The collected data from the GCOS stations which have been submitted to the World Data Center for Meteorology are available on a regular basis in realtime fashion. and coastal regions. 3. it is necessary to improve the data availability and provision practices.2. while it is crucial for the other Latin American countries to establish climate monitoring programs to develop the required capacities and knowledge to sustain a comprehensive and lasting observational datasets in order to become capable of undertaking climatic studies for adaptation purposes [12]. Through the improved network. The importance of monitoring the climatic parameters of the Andes comes from the fact that such parameters play an important role in defining the whole Latin American climatic systems.

Table 1. Also. caves. CLIMATE DATA MANAGEMENT 4. More recently. Such records are mostly valuable to comprehend the global climate inconsistencies prior to the . due to the fact that these old climate data provide an insight to any climatic patterns in the past. many improvements have been occurred in the quantity and quality of the observational stations [13]. BACKGROUND Data on climatic events have been gathered as early as 1850s with the extensive application of land-based and ship-based data gathering practices [14]. they have become a valuable source of information to infer and comprehend the current and future events [15]. a rather new collection of growing number of records representing paleoclimatic events derived from either manually gauged or naturally reserved sources such as trees. sediments. ice cores.1.5 K. is now on the course of production [16]. such a practice was then changed and was put into exclusive meteorological journals for climatic data. 2011 Plans outlined at the GCOS regional workshops. Central American and the Caribbean Pacific Islands 4. Abbasnezhadi. coal mines. While these earliest data have been gathered and recorded on hand-written scripts. A summary of the Continental Regions Climate Data Availability Constraints Continental Region Africa Climate Data Availability Constraints                       Limited observational Networks Rare maintenance Missed data Scattered data Difficult data access High governmental presence Uncomplimentary and ineffective data accessibility Scarce climate data for the remote areas Unsynchronized and inconsistent data Sparse and unavailable data Political insecurity Personnel shortage and overtasking Financial problems Limited observational stations Lacks of high-elevation observational data unavailability of climate data through the National Meteorological Services websites Technical Problems Irregular and occasional maintenance of the instruments Inappropriate calibration of the monitoring instruments Poor access to products and Services Missed and scattered climate data Asia South America. and coral reefs.

Jordan. the project provided a basis for the development of the climate data related services. France. generating a greater demand for other mechanisms of data management. A major breakthrough happened in the 80s when the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the World Climate Data and Monitoring Project (WCDMP). in 2002 a workshop was organized at WMO to introduce the new system (CDMS) designed by some member countries including: Australia. specific forms were introduced and became popular among the data collectors and observers [21]. these form-based documentations were assisted Figure 1. More recently. the WMO introduced a Climate Database Management System (CDMS) project to be used instead of the previous one (WCDMP). climate data management is becoming a fundamental segment of the World Meteorological Organization Information System (WIS) structural design at the national levels. Consequently. Consequently. Needless to say. Beginning in 1940. entertaining an improved . Employed in many NMHSs worldwide. and thus. Czech. a continuous volume of climate information is being generated and built-up at a fast pace (Figure 1). The program eventually provided an improved and more straightforward means of obtaining and archiving the data. Later on. The projects enjoy more advanced technological settings to address higher managing demands. with the advancement of climate recording tools to observe and document climatic events. during the last years of the last century. and paved the way for more data collection efforts. which was consequently resulted in the higher advancement of the digitized archives of the climate data. The practice was first implemented by the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). Tunisia and Zimbabwe to the other members [22]. granting its availability for a broader domain of users from many scientific disciplines to meet their adaptive decisions. Projected Increase in Global Climate Data [17] with the introduction of the computer systems to further facilitate the process of data entry. the project established a criteria for climate data administration and management. In fact. with the ease of access to the World Wide Web. in turn. but many have not yet become available through remarkable sources. Although some of these data records have already been catalogued [18] [19] [20]. Today. they provide the data in a decent accessible mode. Started back in the mid-1980s (and now completed). the notion of an organized manner of archiving such climate data is becoming an issue of great concern.The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management instrumental data collection era. Russian. NHMS introduced an initiative program in the 60s and 70s to transfer the climate data from extensive numbers of data forms and punch card onto magnetic tapes.

a list of some local and international data centers are tabulated under different centre types. Abbasnezhadi. In addition to that. 4. Table 2: Local and International Climate Data Centres [23] Center Type Data Visualisation Data Center BOM: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology NCDC: National Climatic Data Center NCDC: National Climatic Data Center CRU: Climatic Research Unit.7 K. management.2. They have developed the required means of preserving various types of global datasets for the ease of access of their clients. University of East Anglia CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center GPCC: Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Data Type Atmospheric Circulation Patterns US Snow Data US Climate Data Climatic Data Monitoring & Data Index Analysis & Monitoring Data Climate & Environment Data Climate Data Global Temperature Data Climate and Environmental Data Monitoring & Data Index Climatic Data Weather and Climate Extremes Climate Monitoring Data Regional Climate Data US National Drought Data Humanitarian Data and Analysis Global Drought Data Southwest Asia Drought Data Monthly Climate Data Climate Diagnostics Bulletin Global Climate Anomalies Data Climate Monitoring Data Climate Monitoring Data Climate Data Digest Data Access NCDC: National Climatic Data Center Met Office Hadley Centre DDC: IPCC Data Distribution Center CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center CRU: Climatic Research Unit. decisions. and accessibility for the sake of different types of climate-based adaptation measures. University of East Anglia DWD: Deutscher Wetterdienst Drought Watch CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center ReliefWeb . partly from the developing countries.Drought Watch FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN IRI: The International Research Institute for Climate Reports TCC: Tokyo Climate Center CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center NCDC: National Climatic Data Center CRU: Climate Prediction Center IRI: The International Research Institute for Climate . and maintenance are also carried out on local datasets as well. In Table 2. and services. 2011 data management and archives grants a convenient and effortless data finding. University of East Anglia ECA&D: European Climate Assessment and Dataset CRU: Climatic Research Unit. DATA MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES There are a number of international organizations who have the knowledge and skill to deal with extensive amounts of climate data gathered globally. This task is handled by the regional climate centres under the supervision of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). collection.

upper air. consistent. 2) Inconsistencies of the collected data. and older datasets) since 1850s [24]. the center’s efforts are in line with the international missions to help the developing countries outline the expected impacts of the climate change. land surface. and perfect shape for further applications such as the modeling efforts. the Hadley Centre is aimed at many knowledge-based climate services and modeling studies towards the adaptation purposes [25]. CASE STUDY As mentioned in last section. Founded in 1990. there are some international centers that have the capacities to handle extensive amounts of climate data collected globally for many years. there are many techniques to address such issues in order to have the ability to conduct climate analyses at high confidence levels. pressure. It has comprehensive sets of global climate data (e. and enjoying an abundant deal of various climate data. illustrating the benefits of the international collaborative projects on sharing the climate data for adaptation and capacity building purposes in developing countries. marine. In fact.g. including: 1) Data collections inaccuracies. The following is an example of such efforts. daily data/extreme indices. the Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research based in Exeter. Thanks to the scientific developments. there are several constraints which are needed to be overcome.The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management ACMAD: African Centre for Meteorological Applications for Development ENSO WMO: World Meteorological Organization BOM: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology TAO: Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center TCC: Tokyo Climate Center IRI: The International Research Institute for Climate Stratospheric Ozone NOAA Stratospheric Ozone CPC: NOAA Climate Prediction Center WMO: World Meteorological Organization Climate Monitoring Data El Niño Data El Niño Data El Niño Data El Niño Data El Niño Data El Niño Data Ozone Monitoring Data Stratospheric Monitoring Data Ozone Monitoring Data As any solid climate based decision such as adaptation measures calls for accurate data. To achieve this goal. in order to plan proper national adaptive strategies. United Kingdom is one of such international centres. 4.3. Having the aforementioned qualifications. the primary function of any climate dataset is the need for providing the reliable data for accurate decision-makings. and 3) Missed or insufficient data. . Hadley Centre works in conjunction with the national meteorological services of the developing countries to develop their expertise in managing the weather and climate data so as to be served properly for future modeling practices. and deliver them in an accurate.

there are 2 distinguished types of data: “Essential” and . and data entry stages). and recovery processes. In this regard. transmission. not retaining any errors.5. and then if feasible. 4. This is just to make sure that the whole dataset is of high quality. Sponsored by the UKaid from the Department of International development (DFID). 2011 4. CLIMATE MODELING IN BANGLADESH [26] It is well observed by the Bangladesh government that Climate change has already started to reveal its impacts on the country. Such a practice is becoming an integral part of the global climate observation practice as well as being served as the fundamental part of the subsequent capacity building applications. a procedure should be designed to assess the quality of the whole data inflow process (Figure 2). a project was outlined.9 K. the project is part of the funding pledge (almost 75 million pounds) to Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). In this regard. Abbasnezhadi. the MetOffice Hadley Centre.4. Therefore. the project was a collaboration between the UKaid.g. site. which was held over the course of 2 workshops. endangering the whole effectiveness of the data for further applications (e. a “model” defines the approach through which the data is organized. In this regard. generally aiming at the development of the practical capacities of the country in respect to the climate change. In fact.). prior to any adaptation capacity building. To ensure a high-quality model. 20 participants from a number of concerning organisations joined in the project. and removed. EXCHANGING THE CLIMATE DATA As the case described of the Hadley Centre. THE MODEL OF CLIMATE DATA MANAGEMENT Climate data are required to be organized and put in such an order to assist and accelerate the data entry. The overall quality and sustainability of any archiving system is highly dependable on its model. The practice may consist of either data archiving and utilization from another country`s NMHS or the data communication with the data centers at local or global levels. The main objectives of the project was to grant the Bangladeshi policymakers with the required climate data and models they required to develop their strategies for coping with the changing climate and its impacts on different sectors of the country. adaptation planning. climate data may become imperfect at specific stages (e. and the Climate Change Cell at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). As agreed upon by all the member countries. difficult to sustain. the defective data should be identified. All the WMO’s NMHS member states are required to make their datasets available for the other members [27].1. it is required to have a primed perception of the climate parameters that control the whole system. it is vital for the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to exchange the climate data amongst them.3. modeling. This implies that an unsuitable model will result in a system. 4. However. The above case is a reliable model for the other developing countries on how to either develop the lacked or expand the current data management practices through the support of the international organisations and developed countries which have the required means to reinforce and assist them with their climate-based financial and technical needs.g. be modified or substituted with the accurate values. In this respect. and thus it is indeed crucial to build up an adaptation strategy to handle such impacts. it is required to perform the Data Quality Control. etc.

Such a practice. the importance and significance of climate data should be elucidated at community based levels to increase the social awareness towards the notion of the effectiveness and usefulness of such data in regulating the adaptation planning. Yet. and the complimentary of access to such data. and complimentary accessibility for either immediate or other beneficiary scientific organizations. In this regard. . Besides. national and international collaborative programs between the providers and the stakeholders of the climate data for adaptation to climate change should be planned. The problem would be intensified when the regarding body of science in need of those data is not from a climate research sector. This growing trend imposes new constraints on collecting. CONCLUDING REMARKS The increasing trend of the size and types of climate data is a demanding issue facing the climate research society as well as the other demanding organizations. at national or global scales would ensure the utmost effectiveness of different types of climate data production. Such efforts should be made to ensure the availability and convenient admission of climate data in order to address the adaptation efforts. whatever efforts are made may be accomplished only if climate data enjoy a broad. 5. Climate data are required to be provided in such a way that it can be then used with utmost effectiveness. It is the members own choice if they are interested to share more data with other member in addition to the required minimal set. where a least number of “essential” data are required to be provided for free and without any limitations. In general. Climate Data Model and ‘Quality Control’ Flowchart “Additional” data. the regional climate data availability constraints demonstrate the necessity of improving and facilitating the access to climate data in developed countries by enhancing the observational and instrumental settings which can be achieved through the establishment of GCOS Action Plans. Also.The Functionality of Climate Data Availability and Management Figure 2. the role of the international organizations and developed countries in addressing the efforts to ensure the convenient admission of climate data is inevitable. equal. sharing.

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