Shantytown of Wharf Jeremie, Port-au-Prince, Nov. 7, 2010. Marco Baroncini/Corbis
April 22, 2013
Over the
last five decades, Haiti has lost to the developed and developing world a
significant amount of its already meager manpower resources, largely in the
form of international migration. This has led to a significant pool of skilled
human capital residing mostly in the Dominican Republic, the United States, and
Canada as diaspora communities. Some estimates show that as much as 70 percent
of Haiti’s skilled human resources are in the diaspora. Meanwhile, it is
increasingly argued that unless developing nations such as Haiti improve their
skilled and scientific infrastructures and nurture the appropriate brainpower
for the various aspects of the development process, they may never advance
beyond their current low socio-economic status. Faced with persistent
underdevelopment problems and with language and cultural barriers,
international aid agencies, development scholars, and practitioners are
increasingly and loudly calling for diaspora engagement programs.
The
processes required to construct successful diaspora engagement strategies for
Haiti’s development, however, are not well understood and consequently merit
serious attention. Programs make implicit and explicit assumptions about
diaspora members that do not apply to the general understanding of how émigrés
build or rebuild their worlds. Programs fail to place strategies within the
larger framework of any national spatial-economic development plan or its
implementation. Current engagement strategies treat nationalistic appeals and
diaspora consciousness as sufficient to entice members of the diaspora to
return or at least to make indirect contributions to their homeland. Improving
diaspora engagement strategies for Haiti’s development should begin with a
better understanding of the Haitian diaspora population—why they left in the
first place, the activities they undertake, their competencies and resources,
and how they can effectively contribute to their homeland.
Why They Left
The
Haitian population had been largely stationary before the 1960s, save for labor
migration to neighboring Caribbean islands. Haitian mass migration to the more
developed countries, and especially to the United States, remained
insignificant, primarily because of racial tensions and segregation. Less than
2,000 Haitians legally immigrated to the United States from 1900 to 1950. By
the late 1950s to early 1960s, however, many from the upper and middle classes
began to flee the dictatorial regime of François “Papa Doc” Duvalier, thus
constituting the first wave of Haitian mass migration. This first wave brought
Haitians to the United States, to Europe (mostly France), to French-speaking
Canada, and to Francophone Africa.
Massacres,
confiscation of property, and persecution of members of the educated and
professional class propelled their outflow. Those who were believed to be
communists were also targeted. My half-Chinese father was jailed more than a
dozen times because the Duvalier regime believed that he would agitate the
proletariat and peasant farmers. The dictator’s goal of building a new black
aristocracy in Haitian society under the noiriste ideology (the black power or
‘black is beautiful’ movement) called for the extinction of the existing upper
and educated classes, and the nationalization of their property and
enterprises. The noiriste ideology was also the basis for
Duvalier’s promotion of the emigration of Haitian professionals and technicians
to the newly independent countries of Francophone Africa in the 1960s. By so
doing, Duvalier did effectively reduce potential political opposition, but this
period also marked the beginning of Haiti’s brain and capacity drain.
Changes
in U.S. immigration law and civil rights laws in the 1960s facilitated this
first wave of Haitian mass migration. United States support for the Duvalier
regime, largely because of Washington’s preoccupation with Fidel Castro’s
communist regime in Cuba (Haiti’s neighbor), further facilitated both legal and
illegal immigration of Haitians to the U.S. during this period. The outflow of
Haitian immigrants to the United States tripled by 1970—from about 3,000 per
year in the mid-1950s to 10,000 per year by 1967, and then to 25,000 in 1970.
Little effort was made by the U.S. government to contain the illegal flow from
Haiti until the 1980s; The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
did not go after temporary visitors with non-immigrant visas, who remained in
the U.S. from that time.
The
second and heavier wave of Haitian migration to the U.S. came during the 1980s.
In fact, over three-quarters of all Haitians now residing in the U.S. arrived
after 1980. The largest recorded number (44,570) of legal Haitian immigrants to
arrive within a one-year period occurred in 1980−81. The
largest number of refugees to arrive on the shores of southern Florida in
makeshift boats occurred in the same time period—25,000 arrived in 1980 and
8,000 in 1981. This outflow of boat people from Haiti to Florida persisted
until the end of the Duvalier regime in 1986, but at a lower rate; averaging
about 500 refugees a year.
The
outflow of both legal and illegal immigrants rose sharply again at the
beginning of the 1990s. This period is considered the third wave of Haitian
outflow overseas. An estimated 38,000 Haitians fled the country in the first
eight months of 1991, following the coup d’état against the democratically
elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. In addition, over 10,000 boat people
seeking asylum were detained at American facilities in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba the
same year. About 30 percent of those were paroled into the U.S. and were later
joined by their families under the family reunification provision of U.S.
immigration law. During the same time frame (1991−94),
refugees were also landing on the shores of the Bahamas, and many more crossed
the border to the Dominican Republic.
By 1995,
the U.S. Immigration Act called for more stringent requirements for family
reunification and thus made legal migration more difficult for Haitians. The
U.S. Coast Guard practice of intercepting Haitian boats in Haitian waters also
contributed to diminishing the illegal entry of Haitians via south Florida
beaches. Yet, according to INS, Haitians have continued to arrive legally at a
rate of about 15,000 per year since 1990. This persistent flow into the U.S. is
due to the great backlog in the numbers of Haitians who are in the process of
changing their status or that of their relatives from Haiti. It is also due to
the political instability of the country. Since 1990, Haiti has had over
nineteen governments—with prime ministers averaging only about sixteen months in
office.
The 1990
U.S. Census reported 306,000 persons in the U.S. who identified their primary
ancestry as Haitian. By 2000, the recorded number nearly doubled, and had
reached 548,000. In 2010, the U.S. Census reported 907,790 Haitians (foreign
and native-born) in the United States. Soon after the devastating 2010
earthquake, the U.S. granted temporary protected status (TPS) to about 200,000
Haitians who had been living continuously in the U.S. without proper documents
that now permitted them to work. Moreover, the earthquake forced the return to
the U.S. of many Haitian Americans (U.S. citizens of Haitian descent) who had
been residing in Haiti, mainly students and retirees.
Haitian
American organizations estimate that there are well over one million persons of
Haitian descent in the U.S., which constitutes roughly 15 percent of the
current population of Haiti. (They contend there are major problems of
undercounting in the U.S. Census.) Roughly 43 percent of the Haitian diaspora
reside in the United States, leaving the largest proportion of the Haitian
diaspora in neighboring Caribbean countries, mostly in the Dominican Republic.
Haitian
migration, like most migration to the U.S. from less developed countries, is
characterized by a chain migration pattern whereby one or two people obtain
legal status, establish a household, and begin recruiting a series of relatives
and friends. The chain migration of my own family began with the ousting of my
great uncle from political office upon the installation of Duvalier in 1957—he
had served the previous Paul Magloire administration. The continuation of a
devastating political, environmental, social, and economic situation (including
a 40 percent unemployment rate) in Haiti guarantees an unbroken chain
migration, particularly to the United States and Canada; and when combined with
already heavy backlogs in processing resident status changes, a large and
growing flow of Haitians will persist.
“Diasporic Consciousness”
Members
of the Haitian diaspora in the U.S. and Canada are better off economically and
have higher levels of educational and occupational attainment than those
residing in neighboring Caribbean islands. As a group, they are seen to be able
to contribute significantly to Haiti’s development. The higher level of
accomplishment among those living in the U.S. and Canada is itself due to many
factors, including legal status, the range of economic activities and
educational facilities available to immigrants, and their level of education
upon arrival. Haitians in the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and other
Caribbean islands, for example, are limited to employment as casual
labor—whether in the agricultural, service, tourism, or construction sectors or
in petty commerce. Members of the Haitian diaspora residing in neighboring
Caribbean islands are further limited in that most who migrate there have had
the lowest level of schooling and have limited experience in economic
activities other than peasant farming and petty commerce. They also live
precariously on these islands due to their illegal status, and are often
subjected to mass deportations. There are, however, a growing number of Haitian
skilled workers—particularly in construction, agriculture, and agro-processing
industries—as well as a growing university student and graduate population and
former political elites in the Dominican Republic.
One
important factor that must be highlighted in terms of its significance in
shaping the characteristics of Haitian diaspora communities—wherever they may
reside—is that they suffer from prejudice and discrimination. This could be
said to propel them to hold onto a “diasporic consciousness,” to use the
sociologist Robin Cohen’s term. This fact is well recognized by all authors who
write on the Haitian diaspora and refugees and their experiences, leading to
Haitian diaspora communities being dubbed “migrants in isolation” —that is,
isolated from other groups.
In the
U.S., adverse publicity during the 1980s tarnished the image of Haitians for
the general public. This focused on three elements: the vast numbers of boat
people arriving on Florida’s shores; the rumor that tuberculosis (TB) was
endemic among Haitians in southern Florida; and the wholesale labeling of all
Haitians as an at-risk group for AIDS by the U.S. Center for Disease Control
(CDC). Both the TB rumor and AIDS labeling were unjustified—Haitians were
subsequently removed from the CDC’s at-risk list after much protest by the Haitian
expatriate communities—but the group was left wrongly stigmatized. The
preferential treatment given to Cuban boat people over Haitian boat people
arriving on Florida’s shores also exacerbated the rift and distrust between the
Haitian diaspora in the U.S. and mainstream Americans. Haitians were considered
by Washington to be economic rather than political refugees in the 1980s
despite the dictatorship in Haiti, and were treated differently than the Cubans
fleeing Castro’s regime. The overwhelming majority of arrivals was therefore
denied political asylum and jailed in disproportionate numbers compared to
undocumented people from other immigrant groups.
The Hometown Factor
Family
and friends remain the central organizing institution of Haitian expatriates.
Remaining loyal to their heritage (cultural taste in music, food, and language)
and community (towns from which they came) mean Haitian diaspora members
throughout the U.S. frequent restaurants, clubs, clinics, and stores that cater
primarily to a Haitian clientele. Haitians register hundreds of associations in
the U.S., spanning from student and professional organizations, to charitable
causes for Haiti, to cultural and artistic groups and political cliques. For
the most part, these associations orient their constituencies toward matters in
Haiti and not that of the U.S. And, although there is a growing number of
organizations that focus on issues relating to their own Haitian constituencies
in America, tragic circumstances in Haiti—frequent natural disasters for
instance—seem to always reorient diaspora activities back to Haiti.
The bulk
of Haitian voluntary organizations in the U.S. center around regional
associations that are named for the specific region, town, or village in Haiti
within which they conduct their charitable work. Haitian institutions in the
U.S. largely mirror those in Haiti in that they are weak or barely functioning,
are plagued with capacity and financial resource deficiencies, are
inappropriate due to parallel purposes, and are extremely informal. The
unstructured nature of how these regional ‘hometown’ organizations operate
limits their resources and their influence both in Haitian communities and in the
American mainstream.
Haitian
diaspora business enterprises tend to be micro or small in scale, and many
operate as informal activities, relying mostly on personal relationships. Most
Haitian-owned businesses either conduct transnational business with Haiti or
serve the Haitian community in their U.S. neighborhoods. The market for both
formal and informal micro-enterprises is almost solely Haitian-based. These
businesses tend to have little potential for growth or to create any
significant wealth since they cater to a limited market and very few employ
more than the owner; the latter is often fully and formally employed outside of
the business too. Haitian enterprises concentrate in fields such as money
transfers, travel agencies, and food preparation, and include the following
services: bakeries, shipping, restaurants, translation services, music shops,
and small grocery stores. The informality and small size of Haitian expatriate
enterprises stem not only from their own lack of sophisticated entrepreneurial
skills, but also from low production, low standards, and the low diversity of
goods to be had from Haiti. Unlike the Chinese, Lebanese, or Iranian trade or
merchant diasporas, the Haitian diaspora has not developed into large
manufacturers, retailers or wholesalers, and distributors. The Haitian diaspora
in the U.S. and elsewhere is largely a community of wage earners, focusing more
on climbing professional occupational ladders and increasing incomes from their
jobs. In 2000, only 4.42 percent of the employed sixteen years and over
population in the Haitian diaspora in the U.S. were self-employed in their own
business; in 2010, the U.S. Census reports a mere 3.5 percent of Haitians
remain in this category.
Education as an Equalizer
The
primary significance of the U.S. Haitian diaspora for Haiti lies in their human
capital—their entrepreneurial ventures and sources of capital are essentially
negligible relative to Haiti’s economic development requirements. While 93
percent of the Haitian diaspora in the United States over 25 years of age have
had schooling, only about 40 percent of Haiti’s population of a comparable age
has had schooling. And while close to 32 percent of the U.S. Haitian diaspora
has at least attended college or hold associate degrees and 18 percent hold a
bachelor’s and higher degree, only about 3.5 percent of Haitian nationals have
attended college and only about 1.4 percent hold university degrees. In terms
of sheer numbers, the gap in educational attainment is striking. In the U.S. alone,
the Haitian diaspora count close to 65,900 holders of university degrees in
2010 census, which is quadruple the number that the entire nation possesses.
According to a 2006 Inter-American Development Bank report, Haiti has a
university enrollment rate of less than 1 percent, and 84 percent of university
graduates subsequently leave Haiti. The country has the highest illiteracy rate
in the Western Hemisphere, estimated to be over 75 percent by the U.S. State
Department, though other estimates vary between 50−60 percent.
This
means that Haiti has no choice in the short and medium term but to utilize its
skilled expatriates in its development efforts, unless the country wants to
largely import foreign skilled workers across all fields. For it will take
Haiti seventy-four years to produce an equal number of university graduates to
that which already exists in the U.S. and Canadian Haitian diaspora
communities. Further complicating the nation’s skilled human capital production
troubles is its high population growth; one of the highest in the Latin
American/Caribbean region. In just ten years, Haiti will have over 4.5 million
children under the age of fifteen to educate, 3.8 million of whom will remain
illiterate if current rates of primary school participation and completion are
to persist.
Though
trailing behind the general population, the U.S. Haitian diaspora has made
great strides in terms of educational attainment as well as in occupational
structure. Between 1990 and 2010, Haitians in the United States became much
more highly educated, and are, therefore, now in a better position to
contribute to Haiti’s development. The Haitian work ethic and belief in the
equalizing force of education remains the diaspora community’s major asset.
Based on the 2000 U.S. Census, over 10 percent of the U.S. Haitian population
holds a bachelor’s degree and another 5 percent hold a graduate degree (a
master’s, a professional degree, or a doctorate). Nearly 41 percent of the U.S.
Haitian diaspora has at least some college education; capturing the many who
have attended vocational programs, such as nurse-aide or home health aide
certifications, auto mechanics, and equipment and appliance repairs. The 2010
U.S. Census shows an increase in educational attainment, with close to 13
percent of Haitians holding a bachelor’s degree and close to 6 percent with
graduate or professional degrees.
The
Haitian diaspora in the United States has moved into the more highly paid
managerial and professional occupations—business managers, lawyers, scientists,
social scientists, teachers, and doctors—with these numbers increasing from 14
percent in 1990 to more than 24 percent in 2010. Close to 40 percent are in
service occupations—with a concentration (36 percent) in health care and
education-related jobs, 19 percent are in sales and office occupations, and
close to 13 percent are in production, transportation, and material-moving
occupations (2010 census). About 4 percent are in the natural resource,
construction, and maintenance occupations. The portion of the U.S. Haitian
population working in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations is 0.3
percent. The 2010 U.S. Census also shows a large increase in unemployment of
Haitian population, which now stands at 12 percent.
Giving Back to the Homeland
The 2010
average household income for U.S. Haitians was $55,459, and the median
individual income is $32,223. There had been an increase in household incomes
from 1990 to 2000 but the U.S. economic crisis has negatively affected the
Haitian diaspora community. The strides that had been made in the preceding
decades are now waning, a fact illustrated by a higher poverty rate for
families, which stood at close to 20 percent in 2010. Yet, 44 percent of
Haitian diaspora households live in owner-occupied housing. Savings, however,
continue to be drained in money remittances back to Haiti, which curtails
investment into their own future in the U.S.
Remittances
are most often hailed as the greatest contribution that members of the Haitian
diaspora make to their homeland. Haitians in the U.S. remit about $2 billion a
year—more than triple actual international aid disbursements. Haiti is among
the highest remittance-receiver countries of fragile states relative to its
population size, after countries such as Nigeria and Nepal. Remittance values
are considered so high that several development think tanks in Washington are
encouraging the U.S. to open its doors to more Haitian emigration, arguing that
migration is not only a short-term recovery tool for Haiti, but is vital for
its long-term development. Writing in Foreign
Policy, Charles
Kenny has noted that an estimate by World Bank economist Dilip Ratha suggests
that the temporary protected status granted to Haitians post-earthquake might
be worth as much as $360 million in additional remittances to Haiti in 2010
alone, which is more than the total U.S. aid disbursement to Haiti in the
two-year period of 2010 and 2011.
Remittances
do make up a large share of Haiti’s Gross National Product (GNP). Even before
the earthquake, World Bank estimates in 2007 show that remittances from the
Haitian diaspora accounted for about 20 percent of Haiti’s GNP, close to double
its total export earnings, and higher than Haiti’s total foreign aid receipts.
In 1998, Haiti derived $167.7 million in total exports and $106 million from
the U.S. in foreign aid, while remittances received from Haitian workers abroad
amounted to $293 million and helped the balance of payment problems.
Remittances curtail the nation’s foreign currency difficulties, help stabilize
the exchange rate, and contribute to the increase of net reserves of foreign
currency in the banking system.
The U.S.
Haitian diaspora also contributes tremendously to particular sectors of the
Haitian economy. The tourism sector, for example, earns Haiti millions of
dollars; besides the missionaries and the growing number of international NGOs
and their visitors, most tourism earnings derive from the Haitian diaspora who
come to Haiti for tourist and family visits. The latest figures are from a 1999
Banque de la République d’Haiti report, showing that Haiti earned $124 million
in 1998 from Haitian diaspora tourism. In the construction sector, the Haitian
diaspora has contributed to growth—through remittances—by starting building
construction, adding to existing construction, or completing their
family/relatives’ homes or small businesses (often a guest house or small
hotel, or hardware stores). These homes and buildings usually take years to
complete, as the sums of money sent are not large and are remitted on an annual
basis (thereby often adding only a room a year). These homes are changing the
Haitian landscape from the traditional thatched homes to new cement
foundations, half-built homes, and new architectural structures spread across
the Haitian territory. In the telecommunications sector, Haitian expatriates
contribute to the bulk of that sector’s revenues via incoming and outgoing
phone call fees from the Haitian diaspora.
To boot,
the Haitian diaspora consumes the bulk of Haitian indigenous products exported
to the U.S., which comprise mostly food and goods such as mangos, avocados and
plantains, and arts and crafts. These products account for 15-42 percent of
total Haitian exports over the course of the 1990s and early 2000s. No one
really knows the correct figure as the Haitian diaspora also exports primary
goods from Haiti via personal suitcases and shipping containers that are not
accounted for by Haitian authorities.
Goodwill Ambassadors?
Various
diaspora engagement programs have been devised to tap into areas of diaspora
significance in remittances, skill transfers, charitable contributions,
tourism, and capital market investments so as to effectuate growth and
development in their respective homelands. One rationale for undertaking
diaspora engagement programs is that they facilitate the low cost transfer of
skills due to shared language and customs; traditional international experts
would cost more than double the diaspora. Another justification is that the
diaspora, having acquired the technological knowledge abroad and having become
proficient in the latest technologies, are better aware of the constraints of
their home country’s environment and are more motivated to contribute toward
their homeland’s development. Moreover, the utilization of the diaspora or
those from similar cultures avoids social problems that could arise with the
wholesale importation of foreign skilled workers. This helps to safeguard
national identity.
The
United Nation’s TOKTEN program (Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate
Nationals), which began in 1977, is among the oldest of the diaspora engagement
programs. It seeks to recruit potential sources of high-skilled professionals,
those with the technical know-how necessary for the development of their
countries of origin that suffer from a major brain drain. TOKTEN did not become
operational in Haiti until after 1988, upon the fall of the dictatorial regime.
TOKTEN seeks to utilize diaspora skills on a short term, voluntary
basis—members of the diaspora are requested to take time off from their jobs
and volunteer that time to go back to their homeland for short-term
consultancies (two to twelve weeks maximum) to the government.
Similarly,
the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is also
increasingly calling for diaspora engagement programs on a short-term,
voluntary basis. Several of its Haiti programs seek to engage the Haitian
diaspora in the agency’s own agricultural and watershed management projects,
(Développement Economique pour un Environnement Durable, or DEED Projects).
While the USAID-DEED project calls for diaspora members to volunteer in
commercial agriculture development and environmental recovery over short,
multiple-week timespans, USAID has most recently sought out the diaspora for
post-earthquake rebuilding efforts through the agency’s Washington contractors
in Haiti. The latter project aims to support the government’s post-building
efforts via a couple of months of paid work. USAID also solicits the Haitian
diaspora to channel remittances into a diaspora fund that would ultimately be
used to support enterprises and projects in the targeted watersheds. Both
TOKTEN and USAID-DEED programs pay for travel and accommodation for the
duration of the short stay. Yet, neither TOKTEN nor USAID have been successful
in attracting skilled diaspora members into their programs in Haiti. And when
USAID has managed to get a few members of the diaspora on short paid contracts
to work with the Haitian government, they have not engaged them effectively.
It is
incomprehensible to think that a two-to three-week consultancy period (or even
a three month stint), which usually amounts to no more than a paid vacation to
visit relatives, could be considered an effective way to engage highly-skilled
professionals in the development of a country. Development work, conventional
wisdom makes known, is a full-time occupation not to mention preoccupation. It
seems to me that engagement programs are effectively engaging the diaspora not
so much as development experts but as ambassadors of goodwill.
Moreover,
programs such as the DEED project have not sought to match the occupational
profiles of the U.S. Haitian diaspora to agricultural-environmental recovery
goals in Haiti. USAID would have more chance at getting the needed agricultural
skills from the Haitian diaspora in the Dominican Republic than in New York,
Boston, or Miami. Gainfully employed as they are in American corporate or
government offices—as teachers, school principals, nurses, doctors, lawyers,
and policemen—it is difficult to see how diaspora professionals could leave
their career work for a three-month contract that neither exceeds or even
matches their pay, nor offers basic amenities. Even when diaspora members take
such positions, they often are left sitting around for the government to get
its act together. Their short time in-country is often idly wasted and
accomplishes very little.
Members
of diaspora hometown associations and professional organizations already take
their vacation time with family and friends to go back to their respective
hometowns to do volunteer work on philanthropic projects that they themselves
conceive with the local community, based on their competencies and needs.
Funneling the diaspora into projects conceived in Washington or elsewhere for
Haitian towns or regional areas unfamiliar to them, and without local community
input, does not make for effective engagement programs. Plenty of evidence
shows that donor government diaspora programs are most successful when they
build on existing diaspora initiatives. Current programs fail to comprehend
that the diaspora are more attracted to their own local birthplace than to
their homeland per se. Haitians want to give back to their own community, to
that within which family and friends remain, for personal and emotional
reasons. To the extent that their hometown-based activities often evolve into
small public works projects and micro-entrepreneurial ventures, the major
benefits for the diaspora are social and cultural gratification, and
frequently, social prestige, self-satisfaction, and self-promotion (not to
mention self-aggrandizement) within the village or town.
While
Haitian diaspora remittances are large and are increasing—making it tempting to
channel them into a diaspora fund for development—they usually do not amount to
the large capital sums required for necessary development infrastructure such
as the building of dams, railroads, roadways, and sanitation and water systems.
Remittances go to an individual’s family, friends, and relatives who most often
use these funds for the consumption of imported goods. Some economists show
that as much as 80 percent of remittance funds are spent on everyday
consumption and very little goes into savings or on productive investments.
They also note that remittances create a dependency ethic among poor
recipients, are a short-term monetary solution to a long-term development and
foreign exchange problem, and may also decrease the likelihood of an improved
economy. Promoting increases in diaspora remittances encourages the continued
migration of the working age population and decreases the likelihood of
investment by the government or foreign investors because what is left behind
is an unreliable, remittance-dependent workforce. These financial resources
also do not compensate for the continuing loss of skilled human capital.
Grassroots
activities and remittances from regional hometown associations do fund a few
small-scale projects such as schools, clinics, and rural electrification, but
they have not had many positive sustainable development results. This is partly
because local officials fail to define public work projects and do not
coordinate their efforts with those of international NGOs, and also because of
the lack of a skilled work-force to manage, maintain, and repair completed
structures.
A great
number of the Haitian diaspora do cling to some diasporic allegiance and are
poised to serve Haiti, but are not enticed to leave their work in developed
countries by short-term, possibly-paid contracts that offer squalid conditions,
political instability, few amenities, and limited prospects for real progress
in homeland development and self-growth. Many Haitian-born diaspora members
lament that living conditions in Haiti have gotten worse in the last decades in
all spheres. One can hardly breathe in the capital city of Port-au-Prince
thanks to burning trash (there being no sanitation system), heavy dust clouds
caused by unpaved streets, earthquake debris removal, and drying fecal matter
particles, and carbon dioxide emissions caused by heavy traffic congestion. One
prays that one will have no need to go to a hospital, for none is good or
equipped for emergencies and good schools and housing cost as much as in Haiti
as they do in the United States. Although it could be argued that the new
comforts of developed countries—access to cultural events, efficient
organization, modern instruments and appliances, good roads for their cars,
electricity and safe running water, as well as freedom of expression and
liberal institutions—may have well provided a simple reshuffling of priorities.
Of the over 500 members on both sides of my extended family who reside
permanently in the United States—most are U.S. citizens—none but me wishes to
return home to work full-time.
The Road to Development
There is
no denying that the activities of the Haitian diaspora in Haiti do make a great
contribution and produce change in the homeland. Donor government-funded
Haitian diaspora engagement programs, like that of the United States, are to be
commended for highlighting the significance and growth of the Haitian diaspora.
These programs, however, do not begin to address mechanisms for effective
diaspora engagement in the development of Haiti. They have failed, for the most
part, to build any approaches based on country conditions or the mutual needs
of the diaspora and of the government, or to place any approach within a proper
development plan and policy framework within a broader national development
strategy. They have not pointed to where diaspora skills and resources would be
most useful in the development process or at what stages. Nor do they focus on
areas (physical and sectoral) where diaspora functions or competencies can best
maximize each other’s energies and activities for growth and development to
occur.
The
national plan must spell out the roles and functions that the diaspora will play
in implementing sectoral or spatial development plans; it must specify how
emigrants will be recruited, to what sector, where and how they are to be
involved, and how they would benefit. Policies must outline the package of
incentives for full return to Haiti and for limited engagement. The existence
of such an operational, implementable national economic and spatial development
plan in Haiti reflects a national will to try to achieve set economic and
social priorities and targets that can be supported by donors and the diaspora
community. Such plans delineate the most important tasks to be implemented in
stages for growth and the location of development. Within this broader plan,
the type and amount of resource needs, assets, constraints, and
potentials—including those of the diaspora—are made known, and so are the
policies designed to deal with them. Improving diaspora engagement programs
will require institutional development investments and coordination from
donors, the diaspora, and the Haitian government, and will require planning and
strategizing.
Actualizing
an effective diaspora engagement strategy for the development of the poorest
country in the Western Hemisphere is totally unlike launching a mere program or
project. It is rather a process-oriented strategy with a collection of actions,
well-conceived plans, appropriate conditions, prosperous activities, and
analyses that assist in arriving at the predetermined goal of economic growth
and development. The process involves the formation and solidification of
relevant institutional structures, the improvement of capacities, and the
promotion of activities wherein the diaspora’s engagement becomes a full-time
economic growth and development preoccupation, rather than just a part-time,
social, charitable or technical one.
The
Haitian diaspora can be effectively engaged if mutual needs and
interests—economic and extra-economic—of both parties are met in the growth and
development process. This is made by means of a planned and systematic process
through which the diaspora is made an integral dimension of the socio-economic
and political life of Haiti, and that is congruous with the ways in which
Haitian diaspora communities build their worlds and improve their standard of
living. In considering the interests and needs of the diaspora, its economic
rationality must be taken into account so as to entice Haitians abroad to go
back to work or invest on a full-time basis in a country lacking the most basic
of services and amenities. Instruments such as preferential treatment in joint
ventures or contracts/sub-contracts with public and private sectors, and
licensing and access to loans/guarantees can offer such economic-size benefits,
and should not be seen as different to attracting foreign investors.
The long
road to development requires a critical mass of full-time, highly skilled human
capital—as the preferred in-country agents of growth and development. In search
of global positioning based on comparative and competitive advantages in the
new flexible world, what seems to matter most is that knowledge and a variety
of skills are involved in the creation of capacity for homeland growth and
development. Developing and keeping skilled manpower in Haiti is the best way to
assure leadership for sustainable socio-spatial-economic and institutional
development. For Haiti’s development sake, international migration would be
best used as a low-skilled labor absorption and training mechanism through
well-targeted international labor agreements.
Tatiana Wah is director of the Haiti Research and Policy Program at the Earth
Institute, Columbia University. She is also an adjunct associate professor at
Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs. From 2009 to 2012, she
served as the Millennium Development Goals and development policy advisor to
the government of Haiti. She is the author of Haiti’s
Development through Expatriate Reconnection: Conditions and Challenges.