Demonstrator protesting the police killing of teenager Michael Brown, Ferguson, Aug. 18, 2014. Charlie Riedel/Associated Press
April 06, 2015
In
2008, the United States electorate chose the first African American president
since the inception of the Republic more than two centuries earlier. Barack
Obama, the Democratic Party candidate, received 69.5 million votes out of the
total 131.4 million total votes cast—the highest number in presidential
election history. The more than 60 percent turnout of eligible voters was put
at the highest in nearly fifty years. More than fifteen million ballots were cast by first-time voters who heavily favored Obama—comprising nearly 15.2 percent of all votes cast for him, compared to 7.5 percent of all votes cast for Republican John McCain.
Many Americans were dazzled by the energy created in a
campaign of hope and change. Understandably, many hoped and perhaps even
assumed that the change would further improve race relations in America.
Anti-establishment youth had embraced a man who aspired to lead the American
establishment, with hip-hop artists such as Nas and Young Jeezy producing
tracks like “Black President” and “My President.” This newfound political
energy was promoted through political paraphernalia that carried pictures of
candidate Obama in a red, white, and blue filter. The music, the bumper
stickers, the mood, and the candidate did not represent blackness or whiteness;
they represented humanity, patriotism, and coming change. They evoked the
spirit of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech of
1963, and even of Obama’s 2004 Democratic National Convention speech in Boston,
when he intoned, “There’s not a black America and white America and Latino
America and Asian America—there’s the United States of America.”
The
election of an African American man as president of the Republic led many to
conclude that the nation had reached a historic turning point. The high turnout
for Obama, including among white voters, seemed to demonstrate that change had
truly come. Some dared to believe that the United States was becoming a
“colorblind society.” After the 2008 election, college classrooms across the
country were bursting in conversations debating “are we now a post-racial
society?” Statistics showing greater numbers of black doctors, lawyers, and
CEOs helped quantify the argument.
Here comes the paradox, however: the political and
economic gains of African Americans have fueled the politics of race and fear
in America. This is why we are witnessing, in spite of the hope for better race
relations engendered by Obama’s election in 2008 and re-election in 2012,
continued spasms of police brutality toward African Americans.
Stain of Slavery
Police
brutality for the purpose of instilling fear and intimidating blacks has a long
history dating back to the era of slavery in America. Some slaves like Harriet
Tubman found paths to freedom, and others like Nat Turner revolted against a
system so cruel that the law ordained and validated the heinous treatment of
human beings who had dark skin. Patrolmen conducted manhunts for runaway
slaves. Some police officers were law enforcers by day and members of the Ku
Klux Klan by night. The injustice didn’t end with the beating or killing of
victims. The American judicial system averted its gaze when racist groups
burned crosses and lynched blacks in the south.
One
of the great stains of injustice on the American Republic is the Dred Scott
Decision of 1857. Dred Scott, a black slave, sued for his rights and those of
his family to be free. He marched from courtroom to courtroom until the case
was ultimately heard in the U.S. Supreme Court. The highest court of the land
ruled 7-2 that persons of African ancestry could not claim U.S. citizenship. In
his majority opinion, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered words that some
blacks feel ring true to this day: slaves and their descendants were “so far
inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”
The U.S. Constitution ratified in 1788 empowered men to
hunt for slaves; they were a loose band of bounty patrolmen, but many African
Americans know them as police officers. Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 known
as the Fugitive Slave Clause (superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment that
abolished slavery in 1865) required the return of escaped slaves:
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State,
under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law
or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be
delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
To further appease slaveholders, Congress passed the
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 to create a legal mechanism for the recovery of
escaped slaves. The constitutional provision and the legislation emboldened
slave owners and local towns to create patrol officers to enforce and hunt
slaves with legal powers. In “A Brief History
of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing,” Victor E. Kappeler of the
School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University, wrote: “The
institution of slavery and the control of minorities… were two of the more
formidable historic features of American society shaping early policing. Slave
patrols and Night Watches, which later became modern police departments, were
both designed to control the behaviors of minorities.”
Many
may find it a stretch to discuss the history of slavery in the conversation
about present-day police brutality. However, this is critical to understanding
the deep-rooted social and psychological issues that blacks and whites alike
must grapple with today. It helps us to see why some whites can turn black
teenagers into demons, and why African Americans must cry that
#blacklivesmatter.
We Shall Overcome
In
the twentieth century, nearly a century after the abolition of slavery, an
American civil rights movement arose with growing demands to end racial
segregation and discrimination on the basis of color. By the 1960s, the
movement had achieved notable successes in the passage of legislation banning
racial discrimination in employment and housing and protecting voting rights.
Yet
the civil rights movement created another dynamic that often led to more
distrust and anxiety in the relationship between blacks and the police. Local
officials like Commissioner of Public Safety Theophilus
Eugene “Bull” Connor turned dogs, water hoses and clubs on peaceful
protesters when they marched through the streets of Birmingham. On “Bloody
Sunday” fifty years ago, Sheriff Jim Clark sent his officers to attack marchers
on the Edmund Pettus bridge in Selma; Alabama state trooper James Bonard Fowler
killed unarmed Jimmie Lee Jackson during the peaceful protest.
The
brutality of these policemen indirectly contributed to the success of the civil
rights movement as their harsh actions were recorded and broadcast across the
nation and the world to widespread revulsion. Indeed, the marchers sought to
dramatize the brutality of the local police. The Reverend Martin Luther King
Jr.’s strategy of non-violent civil disobedience using direct action tactics
was designed to draw out police brutality for the attention of the media. King
instructed his followers:
If you can accept it, you will leave those state
troopers bloodied with their own barbarities. If you can accept it, you will do
something that will transform conditions here in Alabama.
In
September 1955, a young mother made a decision that sent a spark through the
black community and far beyond. Emmett Till was a black teenager killed by
white men who heard that he had whistled at a white woman in the Mississippi
delta. His mother, Mamie Till, allowed for an open casket for the world to see
the face of her brutalized 14-year-old son. It was not the police who performed
this act of brutality, but the blind eye of the justice system let the killers
go free with a not-guilty verdict. Mamie permitted the gruesome photos of her
dead son to be published on the cover of Jet, a popular black
magazine, an act that aroused the conscience of many people across the country.
Rosa Parks tells of her anger and her disgust over what happened to Emmett
Till, and how it strengthened her determination on the day she made civil
rights history by defying a driver’s demand that she vacate her seat on a
segregated public bus in Montgomery.
The
brutality showed very painfully the depth of disregard for black life. But the
pain of inequity was far worse than the pain of the brutality. The beatings and
killings speak to the pain of the inequities of education, unemployment,
discrimination, and Jim Crow. The goal of the civil
rights movement was to transform conditions in Alabama, the south and
America—not merely to secure voting rights or civil rights and access to
healthcare, education, bank loans, and the lunch counter.
Say It Loud, I’m Black and I’m
Proud!
The
Black Power Movement grew out of the brutality blacks experienced during the
civil rights struggle. In contrast with the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.’s
approach, Black Power reflected the militant, highly confrontational style of a
fed-up generation that was not ready to lie down and get beaten by police and
chewed by police dogs. Not surprisingly, police at every level of government
would view the Black Power Movement as a threat.
The
movement’s organizers belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, which grew out of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
These young people coined phrases like “black power” and started a Black
Nationalist group carrying on a tradition of black separatism initiated by the
Jamaican pan-Africanist thinker and activist Marcus Garvey. They began to bear
arms publicly for protection purposes against the police, and labeled the
police “pigs.”
The
Black Panther party, founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, college
students well read in the law, began in the ghettos of Oakland where blacks
felt that the police were intimidating black community members. The party
quickly spread across America, with thousands of members and dozens of
branches. Members of the Panthers wore all-black regalia and militaristic-style
clothing, and bore arms openly in states where it was legal to do so. Such was
the party’s profile that FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover termed it “the greatest threat to the internal security of the
country.” The police killing of party deputy national chairman Fred
Hampton, legal cases against Newton, and organizational infighting eventually
led to the dissolution of the party in 1982.
“I Can’t Breathe!”
Michael
Brown. Eric Garner. Amadou Diallo. Sean Bell. Trayvon Martin. In the era of
America’s first African American president, black lives continue to be lost at
the hands of police, or disregarded by the American justice system. These
killings from Ferguson, Missouri, to Staten Island, New York, have spurred
national protests and hold the attention of the nation.
Michael Brown was an 18-year-old black man shot and killed by
Darren Wilson, a white police officer in Ferguson. The killing in August 2014
set off demonstrations in Ferguson and around the country, and propelled the
Twitter hashtag #blacklivesmatter as a powerful instrument of awareness and
protest. Federal investigations eventually cleared Wilson of wrongdoing, but
found Ferguson police guilty of racism, racial profiling, and routine
violations of the constitutional rights of the city’s African American
residents. A
Justice Department report found that black drivers were more than twice as
likely to be searched during routine traffic stops and were more likely to face
excessive force from police. “Ferguson law enforcement practices are directly
shaped and perpetuated by racial bias,” the report said.
The report discovered racist jokes among officials in the city email system; one
of them compared President Obama to a monkey.
Another
case that attracted national attention in 2014 was the police chokehold death
of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old former New York City employee. Garner died while
being arrested in July for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes on a street
in Staten Island. In an act caught on video, a police officer put Garner in a
headlock while restraining him, leading Garner to repeat, “I can’t breathe”
eleven times; he was pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital an hour later. A
local grand jury declined to indict the police officer, Daniel Pantaleo, but
the U.S. Justice Department is still investigating Garner’s death.
What is happening in America stems from a psychosis that
can be traced back hundreds of years. In his grand jury testimony in the case
of Michael Brown, Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson described what he felt
was the menacing face of the young man. “He looked
up at me and had the most intense aggressive face,” Wilson said. “The only way
I can describe it, it looks like a demon, that’s how angry he looked.”
What
would make an 18-year-old boy look like that? Fear. Why would you be afraid of
an 18-year-old boy? A history that says blacks are three-fifth human relegates
blacks to the status of animals. The fear will always be there. Whether it is a
police officer pulling over a black man at a routine traffic stop, or a white
woman clenching her purse when a black man passes by, or store security eyeing
a black customer, it is an instinctive feeling: they are demons, animals.
Stony the Road We Trod
On
election night in 2012, as President Obama was winning re-election against
Republican challenger Mitt Romney, the Fox television commentator Bill O'Reilly declared:
“The white establishment is now the minority.”
To some, those words ring true. The sentiment of fear is
so strong that conservative politicians in the United States have purposely
decided to stonewall the executive branch headed by a black man. In the six
years of President Obama’s terms of office we have observed the do-nothing
Congress. Many have come to believe that with the increasingly multicultural
demographics of the country, white males who have traditionally dominated
politics will find it difficult to win elections without some type of voter
suppression. Hence, conservative politicians have pushed for voter ID laws,
which could effectively disenfranchise many black and Latino citizens, and
blocked immigration reform that would enable undocumented Latinos to become
citizens with voting rights. These conservative politicians also use race as an
easy opportunity to create fear—enabling them to rally their supporters,
manipulate the electorate on economic issues, and hold on to political power.
Take the ultraconservative Tea Party movement: it advocates reduced government
spending and opposes government programs such as Obamacare, but it mobilizes
its forces with racist rhetoric and fearmongering.
The
Tea Party feeds a middle-class struggle that breeds racism and ignorance, and
creates a climate for acts of violence and police brutality toward African
Americans. In a struggling economy, the argument that blacks are the reason
that whites may not get jobs or the help they need strikes a chord with
middle-class whites. Their fear of losing preference or privilege leads to
tactics of intimidation, to disdain for African Americans, and to police
brutality.
“Black
Lives Matter” is now our cause. We use die-ins, marches, and civil disobedience
with hopes of progressive policies like police accountability, body cameras,
demilitarization of police forces, and federal oversight of police departments.
But most important and central to this cause is changing a heart, changing a
moral consciousness, changing minds, and changing the generations to come to
undo the years of damage that the past and even present forces of division have
promoted. So we protest not just for policy, not just for attention, but in
this generation we protest to educate and to dispel a long history that has
discounted the humanism of black life from slavery to present. In the words of
“Lift Every Voice and Sing,” a poem put to song by the principal of a
segregated school in 1900 on the occasion of a visit by Booker T. Washington
for Abraham Lincoln’s birthday:
Stony the road we trod,
Bitter the chastening rod,
Felt in the days when hope unborn had died;
Yet with a steady beat,
Have not our weary feet
Come to the place for which our fathers sighed?
We have come over a way that with tears has been watered,
We have come, treading our path through the blood of the slaughtered,
Out from the gloomy past,
Till now we stand at last
Where the white gleam of our bright star is cast.
Reverend
Charles Williams II is senior pastor of Historic King Solomon Baptist Church in Detroit, the pulpit that Martin Luther
King Jr., Malcolm X, and Thurgood Marshall, among others, used as a stage to spread
progressive messages. He is national expansion director and president of the
Michigan chapter of the National Action Network, a civil rights organization
founded by Reverend Al Sharpton. On Twitter: @therevcw.