European Scientific Journal ESJ

This report will focus on a new health development initiative for the Western Sydney Adolescents and their health needs in terms of promoting physical activity and exercise because it helps them live longer and better lives and become more energetic. The target group are fairly sedentary individuals and consume copious amounts of energy dense foods, which are contributing to the burgeoning obesity risk factors in the community. A sedentary lifestyle contributes towards a range of cardiovascular diseases and health problems including heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and many types of cancers (Meyer, 2007). Successfully tackling obesity in a health promotion context, is a long-term, large-scale commitment that will require both individual responsibility and action together with a population-based approach, driven by partnerships between governments, businesses, and communities. The current prevalence of obesity in the population has been at least 30 years in the making, and will take considerable time to reverse the trends and its impacts and determinants on health (Roth, 2011). This article will outline the costing requirements and the evaluation methods that will be used in our adolescent obesity health promotion and prevention management strategy. This will be achieved by using a combination of educational and awareness campaigns, public advertising, healthy urban planning, imposing a ban on canteen junk food and establishing a health and wellbeing telephone hotline and social networking group. This will be evaluated for feasibility using cost-benefit analysis to determine whether each strategy or approach is to be implemented or not.

The analysis of occupational risks within companies, based on civil works, is of great importance in ensuring the safety and the occupational health of its collaborators. The present research work focuses on the analysis of the current situation by means of the methodology of William Fine. The study aims to identify and evaluate the mechanical risks, where the occurrence of these catastrophic events generates multiple consequences. This consequence is both for the employer and the employee, and it ranges from labor absenteeism, physical and mental injuries, and significant economic losses for enterprises by various cases of demands or treatments that must incur due to the lack of procedures of control and prevention. This, however, might be equipment and machinery used in the phase of casting metallic structures, especially in Quintana construction company. The results were obtained through qualitative-quantitative methodology in obtaining the worker's perspectives. They stated that they are conditioned to high risk mechanical jobs, where the lack of equipment for protection as well as the proper socialization of internal safety guidelines limited the involvement of partners. Consequently, it is essential to mitigate the occurrence of risks at the mention of the company events. As part of the conclusion of this study, there is the need to design a matrix of risks and identify the existing risks. In addition, the proposed control measures were determined.

Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID), a concept that aims to minimize the interventional procedures applied on teeth affected by dental caries, emphasizes the importance of prevention and detection of lesions in early stage. The white spot lesion (WSL) is the first visible stage of the carious process, affecting the enamel. Their detection and treatment has been significantly improved in the last decade through new technology available. Our paper describes a non-invasive detection method, using a light-transmission device (transillumination of the teeth using Diagnocam, by Kavo) , combined with a resin infiltration technique (using Icon, by DMG) of the WSL.

Dental agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor is a frequently seen anomaly in children and teenagers nowadays. It can alter the esthetics as well as the functions in the frontal area of the maxilla and therefore, early detection and therapy would be beneficial. The treatment often implies an interdisciplinary approach between orthodontics and implantology. One of the particularities of this kind of treatment is given by the distal angulation of central incisor's root, which invades the space required by the dental implant. Any treatment plan should begin with a thorough radiographical analysis of the space and morphological particularities of the central incisors.

Objective: This study aims to characterize and to map vegetation cover in the mountainous region of Tonkpi in order to evaluate forest dynamics by remote sensing. Methodology and Results: This work relied on four satellite images of the scene 198-55 Landsat 4 TM 1990 from Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2000, Landsat 5 TM 2011 and Landsat 8 OLI-SHOTS 2015. Based on field data, classification was conducted using the maximum likelihood method in satellite images (OLI-SHOTS, ETM + and TM) in order to map vegetation from 1990 to 2015. These maps were superimposed to the Digital elevation model produced from an ASTER image in order to assess forest dynamics at altitude levels. The diachronic study of land use revealed a change in the landscape with a significant reduction of dense forest (-35.6%) and crop lands and fallow (-42.14%), and an increase of degraded forests (15.13%) and bare soil land and houses (10.46%). Moreover, high altitudes occupy a large proportion (37.7%) of the landscape (12,284 km 2), followed by medium altitudes (34.6%), and low altitudes (27.7%). Concerning bare soil and homes, there is a large increase of the area at low altitudes (88, 96%) while concerning crops and fallow, the area reduction was more pronounced at high altitudes (-53.64%). The medium altitudes have the highest rate of increase (51.14%) in degraded forests, and the highest decrease (-43.25%) in the dense forests. Conclusion and Application: The study shows that high altitudes occupy the largest proportion of the total area of the region and a change in the landscape due to human activities. Based on the results, we recommend a spatio-temporal monitoring of the net erosion on the mountains in order to maintain its agricultural potential and fight effectively against erosion.

The purpose of the present investigation is to identify those internal factors that influence the implementation of socially responsible practices (energy saving) in a sample of 5 industrial companies in the municipality of Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo in 2016. To achieve the proposed objectives, an index similar to that proposed by Barrera et al. (2004), Sepúlveda et al. (2002); Vázquez et al. (2011); Céspedes (2011); Carrillo in (2014). The results of the application of the Kruskal-Wallis test, could allow us to affirm that the development of sustainable practices in the companies of the sample, are still far from those carried out in Europe.

In this paper, we investigated factors associated with marital instability in rural households. Using a case study of rural farming households in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, we examined the demographic characteristics of married couples in rural farming households and the nature of marital instability among them in addition to ascertaining the factors associated with marital instability in the study area. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were employed to analyze data collected from 240 married couples selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Results revealed that the average age of the respondents was 42 years; 91.7% of them were functionally literate; their average household size comprised of six persons; and seventeen years was their average years of marriage. Findings also revealed that majority of the respondents had low marital instability; factor analysis result showed that socio-cultural difference, psychological factor, economic factor, marriage-based factor, health factor, sex-related factor, conflict factor and communication-based factor were the major factors associated with marital instability among married persons in the study area. The findings highlight avenues of theoretical development to better understand marital instability among rural dwellers in Nigeria as well as have implications for marriage counselling among married persons in the study area.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid is a swimming pool disinfectant and is readily accessible. As a result, there is the need to use it as a substitute for conventional disinfectants in in vitro culture. Nodal explants of Alchornea cordifolia, harvested in a natural environment, have been rinsed abundantly with Dettol under running water. Then it was soaked in Talo Plus (550 g/l carbendazim and 100 g/l Chlorothalonil) at 5 ml/liter, which is a broad spectrum fungicide. After then, it was immersed in 70% alcohol for 10 minutes before being soaked in different solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid to: 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.08%. The explants were disinfected completely of all contaminating bacterial and fungal exogenous. This was after a treatment in solutions of acidic trichloroisocyanurique of 6 to 0.08%. The results showed that the losses of active chlorine remained low during storage at temperatures of 4 to 18 ± 2°C. They reach only 5.29% after 72 hours. At room temperature of 27 ± 2 ° C, these losses are more than 30% after three days. Concentrations of 0.1 to 0.3% are effective for the disinfection of explants. This protocol of explants disinfection in vitro

In recent years, quantum cellular automata (QCA) have been used widely to digital circuits and systems. QCA technology is a promising alternative to CMOS technology. It is attractive due to its fast speed, small area and low power consumption. The QCA offers a novel electronics paradigm for information processing and communication. It has the potential for attractive features such as faster speed, higher scale integration, higher switching frequency, smaller size and low power consumption than transistor based technology. In this paper, Double Feynman and Six-correction logic gate (DFSCL) is proposed based on QCA logic gates: MV gate and Inverter gate. The proposed circuit is a promising future in constructing of nano-scale low power consumption information processing system and can stimulate higher digital applications in QCA.

In recent years Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has been considered one of the emerging nano-technology for future generation digital circuits and systems. QCA technology is a promising alternative to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Thus, QCA offers a novel electronics paradigm for information processing and communication system. It has attractive features such as faster speed, higher scale integration, higher switching frequency, smaller size and low power consumption compared to the transistor based technology. It is projected as a promising nanotechnology for future Integrated Circuits (ICs). A quantum dot cellular automaton complex gate is composed from simple 3-input majority gate. In this paper, a 8-3 encoder circuit is proposed based on QCA logic gates: the 4-input Majority Voter (MV) OR gate. This 7-input gate can be configured into many useful gate structures such as a 4-input AND gate, a 4-input OR gate, 2-input AND and 2-input OR gates, 2-input complex gates, multi-input complex gates. The proposed circuit has a promising future in the area of nano-computing information processing system and can be stimulated with higher digital applications in QCA.

Packet collisions occurred by hidden and local nodes in multi-hop enabled underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) have effect on throughput, energy efficiency and end-to-end delay. Existing Multi-Hop-Enabled Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (MHEE MAC) utilized a double-phase contention resolution mechanism, which causes visit multiple time slot and energy overhead. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol that use contention resolution mechanism with unique priority to provide energy efficiency. First, local nodes are eliminated comparing their priority and later, hidden nodes are mitigated. A simulation of proposed protocol is also developed to analyze the performance. Results obtained through simulation show that the proposed protocol achieves significantly lower energy consumption, reserve more energy and more stable throughput compared to MHEE-MAC, T-Lohi and slotted floor acquisition multiple access (S-FAMA).

The security of web-based services is currently playing a vital role for the software industry. In recent years, many technologies and standards have emerged in order to handle the security issues related to web services. This paper shows techniques to enhance the security of web services, and some of the recent challenges and recommendations of a proposed model to secure web services. It shows the security process of a real life web application, which includes; HTML5 forms, login security, and a single sign-on solution. This paper also aim to discuss the ten (10) most common web security vulnerabilities and how to prevent the web application from three (3) of the vulnerabilities. Amongst them are; SQL Injection, Cross Site Scripting and Broken Authentication, and Session Management.

Diabetes, a disease responsible for different kinds of diseases such as heart attack, kidney disease, blindness and renal failure etc. The most common disorder is the endocrine (hormone) system, occurs when blood sugar levels in the body consistently stay above normal. There are two types of diabetic; one is body's inability to make insulin and another is body not responding to the effects of insulin. In our developing country Bangladesh, Diabetes is a costly disease whose risk is increasing at alarming rate. This paper evaluates the selected classification algorithms for the classification of some Diabetes patient datasets. Classification algorithms considered here are Naive Bayes classification (NBC), Bagging algorithm, KStar algorithm, Logistic algorithm and Hoeffding tree. These algorithms are evaluated based on four criteria: Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity and Specificity. Collected datasets of diabetes affected people are firstly preprocessed then some investigation based on mentioned algorithm has been executed successfully. From the investigation result it is found that, KStar algorithm is the best as it gives high accuracy with the low error. Here it is said that, some parameters are responsible for diabetes. Introduction Diabetes is not only a disease but also responsible for distinctive types of diseases. Various types of complicated diseases including kidney diseases, heart problem, and blindness can be occurred due to diabetes. It also increases the blood sugar level of the affected people. The micro and macro coronary heart diseases have broken out when the glucose level of human body is raised more than 200mgI/dL (Abdullah A. Aljumah et al.,

The mineralogical investigation of sand fraction of different sectors of filling of Montgaudier deposit revealed that heavy minerals are mainly composed of amphiboles and disthene in all analyzed samples. The other mineralogical species encountered appear having only a secondary role in the composition of heavy mineral processions. These minerals are: Andalusite, brookite, chlorite, epidote, garnet, pyroxene, rutile, sillimanite and sphene. The opaque minerals are relatively numerous in all the studied samples which they are in different stages of alteration, associated with other minerals presenting a fresh appearance. The light minerals consist mainly of hyaline or translucent quartz grains and milky or opalescent grains. The study of clay minerals generally showed a predominance of kaolinite in all sectors, followed by illite and chlorite. Smectite comes in only fourth place. This cortege is complemented by interstratified smectite-chlorite, which are very poorly represented. The mineralogical study of the deposits at the different parts of the layers filling of the Montgaudier deposit and the sediments in the immediate vicinity permitted to determine the origin of these deposits. Their procession is largely influenced by the geological nature of the Tardoire watershed but also of the mineralogical composition of the surrounding rock in which this cave was. Résumé L'examen minéralogique de la fraction sableuse des différents secteurs du remplissage du gisement de Montgaudier a révélé que les

Objective: To assess the effect of vegetation cover on soil macrofauna, a study focused on the diversity of soil macrofauna inside and outside reforestation plots of the Great Green Wall in Senegal was carried out. Methodology: The sampling of macrofauna was performed according to the method recommended by the TSBF network (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). It involves isolating 10 ground plots along a transect of 50 meters chosen at random in each plot and outside of each plot. The macrofauna was sampled between February and July 2016 during the dry season Results: The results show, in order of importance Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Coleoptera, the Spiders, the isopods and springtails are the taxonomic groups of the study area. The density of each of these taxa is larger inside and outside of the plots. The vertical distribution of macrofauna shows that the 0-10 cm layer is more densely populated than the deeper layers. Conclusion: This study showed a low diversity of soil macrofauna in the area. It also shows that the vegetation cover affects the density of the macrofauna. Résumé Objectif : Pour évaluer l'effet du couvert végétal sur la macrofaune du sol, une étude portée sur la diversité de la macrofaune du sol à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des parcelles de reboisement de la grande muraille verte au

As the transistors are continuously scaling down, it becomes necessary to reduce voltage supply and power requirements of the circuit to increase its performance and stability. Whereas, current-mode devices require less number of stages with high output impedance results in improved performance and large bandwidth as compared to voltage-mode techniques. OTA are current-mode device that takes voltage as input and produces current as output with high gain and large bandwidth. The frequency bands were parameters were determined such as the cutoff frequency (fc), the band width (BW), the quality factor (Q), and the angular frequency (Wo). In this paper the design and the simulation of the transfer function has been done by using (MATLAB) in order to obtain the frequency response for all types of filter (the low pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter and band stop filter). OTA model These filters consist of operational transconductance amplifier and capacitor only. OTA is voltage control current source with transfer circuits. The symbol and small-signal equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (1) below: Figure (1) the symbol and small-signal equivalent circuit of OTA

For constructing sustainable geotechnical structures, it is recommended to design these structures within a perspective of performance, adaptability and durability. This article briefly describes the various geotechnical risks and the actions to be taken to reduce or eliminate these risks. It examines in more detail the problem of risks associated with groundwater infiltration in construction structures. It discusses the various causes and the measures to be taken to eliminate this risk. Finally, the article introduces the preventive measures against groundwater infiltration for two case studies, namely a sports complex and a residential building. The study also includes precautions to be taken for protecting buildings against ground swelling caused by shale rock. Résumé Pour construire des ouvrages géotechniques durables, il faut concevoir ces ouvrages dans une perspective de performance, d'adaptabilité et de durabilité. Cet article décrit brièvement les différents risques géotechniques ainsi que les actions à entreprendre pour diminuer ou éliminer ces risques. Il examine avec plus de détail le problème des risques associés aux infiltrations d'eau souterraine dans les ouvrages de constructions. Il évoque les différentes causes ainsi que les mesures à prendre pour éliminer ce risque. Enfin, l'article introduit les dispositifs de prévention à prévoir contre les infiltrations des eaux souterraines pour deux .études de cas, en l'occurrence : un complexe sportif et un bâtiment d'habitation. L'étude inclue aussi les précautions à prendre concernant la protection à faire contre le gonflement du sol d'assisse du bâtiment (roc du shale).

Objectives: To study the effect of the radar cross section (RCS) area for the target on the radar operation, and to show its performance on radar detection by taking samples from the RCS. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this paper, we tested the effect of RCS on radar detection under two features of RCS using radar lab. These features are: (i) shapes with constant area and (ii) shapes with different areas. Findings: Experimental testing of the radar delectability in order to know its capability in detecting targets under and above two features(by measuring the power of echo signal) shows that whenever the power of echo signal is high (i.e. RCS is an excellent reflector), the radar detection range is high and vice versa. Application/Improvements: This proposed approach can be used in designing the target bodies using different shapes (i.e. reflectors) to dispute the transmitted signal and to weaken it. This makes the detection of targets extremely hard. Introduction The ability of the radar system to detect and display a given target depends on a large number of factors. Some of those factors are constant and others may vary in a quite complex manner. The factors can be classified as significant factors and non-significant factors. The radar range equation is formulated as the relation between the maximum range at which a target can be detected and the parameters that the range depends on. Based on the form in which the equation is used by radar engineers to predict detection ranges of targets by taking into account all conceivable factors, it is indeed lengthy and complex. Also, it contains statistical and empirical components. However, in its simplest form as set out below, it provides at a glance an indication of the significance of many of the factors which are of concern to the radar observer:

Tantan, Tarfaya and Laayoune provinces, which belong to the Moroccan Atlantic Sahara, are characterized by exceptional geo and eco-tourism potentials. In this context, singing dunes, sand rivers and the presence of several wadis mouth's in such desert environment could constitute a locomotive for the development of green and geological tourism. Indeed, the studied region presents Eco and Geo-tourism potentials, combining ecological sites classified by the RAMSAR convention as the Khnifis lagoon, the wadis mouth's including the longest river in Morocco (Oued Draa) with its new national park. Rivers of sand with multitudes sand colours, singing dunes, virgin beaches and sebkhas with the lowest point in Morocco, the sebkha of Tah with an altitude of-55 m adsl. Résumé Les provinces de Tantan, Tarfaya et de Laâyoune qui font partie du Sahara Atlantique marocain se caractérisent par des potentialités touristiques,

Objective: To determine epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic aspects and outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rheumatologic consultation at lome (Togo). Patients and method: This was retrospective study carried out from 1 st January 1990 to 31 st December 2015 in the rheumatology department. The study included all patients suffered from RA in rheumatologic consultations and who fulfilled the 2010 ACR and EULAR's criteria.

Histoplasmosis is a serious community acquired fungal infection among immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Chicken droppings were evaluated for the presence of Histoplasma capsulatum, by culturing in Blood agar, SABHI and SDA agar at 25°C and 37°C. Exoantigen were used for confirmation. Two Histoplasma capsulatum were isolated in this study. The study found that Chicken droppings harbor Histoplasma species.

In the catchment area of Ouémé with Bétérou the extreme climatic phenomena lead to risks hydroclimatic which can create, for lack of an adequate management, massive migrations of populations, ecological disasters as well as shortages of food, of energy, of essential water and other goods. The work aims to study the risks hydroclimatic in the catchment area of Ouémé to the discharge system of Bétérou. To achieve this goal, from the climatological data (height daily and monthly of rains, temperatures, ETP) over 1965 to 2012 period are obtained at the National Direction of the Meteorology (DNM) of Cotonou. The hydrological data made up of the daily outputs of the Ouémé river to the discharge system of Bétérou, over 1965-2012 period are extracted from the data base of DG-Water. The diagnostic methods of the climate used are primarily statistical and relate to the frequential analysis and the calculation of the indices of dryness. The analysis of the results shows that in the catchment area of Ouémé with Bétérou analyzes compared of the three indices of weather dryness (Decile, RDI and the SPI), that the basin known over the period of 1965 to 1990 three years very dry (1981, 1982 and 1987) and a year close to the extreme dryness (1983). It also arises that index PDSI made it possible to identify the various periods of dryness recorded in the middle

This study was conducted as part of a series of experiments on the use of dried leaves for the production of complete rabbit feed. For this purpose, 120 female rabbits, distributed in 4 batches (N0, N5, N10 and N15) with the same number (30) and homogeneous average weights (2595 g to 2708.7 g) were followed before and during pregnancy. Each of the 4 lot were composed, in the same proportion, of nulliparous and multiparous females. Those animals were subjected to four Azadirachta indica leaves based foods in different proportions: N0: 0%; N5: 5%; N10: 10% and N15: 15%. Our data shows that the gestation rates were as follows for the four lots: N0 (90%), N5 (80%) and N10 (90%) and N15 (76.67%). Except a single female from lot N10, all females were pregnant and gave birth. No significant difference (P> 0.05) was found between the mean of total daily consumptions among the pregnant rabbits of the four batches that ranged from 169.40 to 198.31 g / d. The average litters of the batches N0 (5.33 rabbits / mother), N5 (6.5 rabbits / mother) and N10 (5.61 rabbits / mother) were similar (P> 0.05) but higher (P <0.05) than those of lot N15 (4.46 rabbits / mother). At birth, the lot N15 (68.00g) young rabbits’ mean weight of was significantly higher (P <0.05) than those of N5 (48.63g) and N10 (53.62g) (P> 0.05). On the other hand, no difference (P> 0.05) was observed between the average weights of the rabbits of the control batch N0 (59.06 g) and those of N5 and N15.

Water, source of life, is also a source of disease when it is polluted. The aim of this study is to analyze the physicochemical quality and the bacteriological quality of the wells, boreholes and tank for drinking water in the Commune of Allada. The methodology is based on the collection of data, data processing and analysis carried out at the Laboratory for Quality Control of Water and Food (LCQEA) of the Ministry of Health. From the water sampling carried out at three (03) traditional wells, two (02) boreholes, two (02) tanks and water of river (02), bacteriological and physicochemical analysis were performed. The results showed that pH is higher at the tank than other water sources. Well 3 (P3) has a very high electrical conductivity (EC) which was 384.95 μS / cm and 192.47 mg / L for total dissolved solids (TDS). The tank 2 exhibited high value in pH 9.14; 71.72 (μS / cm) for the electrical conductivity (CE) and 35.86 mg / L, in total dissolved solids (TDS). Well 2 (P2) has a high turbidity of 4.53 (NTU) at all analyzed water points. The concentration of iron, copper nickel and cobalt remains low(less than 0.4 mg / L).Wells 2 and tank 1 are concentrated in lead, respectively 20.75mg / L and 13.71mg / L. Tank 1 and 2 have a high concentration of cadmium compared to other water points. The presence of Escherichia coli with a high concentration at home SONEB (39 CFU) and at well 2 (7.10 2 ) was found. In view of these results some recommendations were made.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of gibberellic acid (GA3) in the seed germination of Asclepias subulata Decne., plant of the wild flora of the Sonoran Desert of interest for reforestation, industry and medicinal use. Since there is no information about their domestication, it is of fundamental importance to carry out germination tests to ensure their propagation, given the low germination percentage that this species presents. Seeds of A. subulata were collected in the Sonoran Desert, within the area known as Cerro del Bachoco. Six concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) were tested at two soak times (24 and 48 hours) and one control without any treatment. Germination power, germination time at 25, 50 and 75%, and the germination rate index were evaluated. Germination was considered when the seed emits the hypocotyl outside the substrate used. Chemical scarification with GA3 has a positive influence on seed germination of A. subulata. The highest percentage of germination was obtained with GA3 in concentrations of 250 to 2000 ppm, at 24 and 48 hours of soaking. Germination time was affected by the concentration of GA3, being favored at a concentration of 1000 and 2000 ppm at 24 and 48 hours of soaking; while in other treatments 75% of germination was not reached. Chemical scarification with GA3 favored the germination rate index.

The purification of the internal ambient air of the "Latacunga Cheese" factory was studied by the application of ozone. It is an energetic oxidizing agent which is able to kill the microorganisms present in the medium where it is found. It is applied in its appropriate doses with the aim of purifying the air environment of the workshop. The concentrations of fungi and bacteria found before the application of ozone were higher than that allowed by the Spanish legislation "UNE 100012 Hygiene of systems". Among the fungi identified were Aspergillus sp., Penicilium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., and Cladosporium sp. The major bacteria identified were Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp., and Enterobacter agglomerans. The main material used for the treatment of indoor air with ozone was a SEFILTRA purifier. This purifier, however, generates an ozonated air flow rate of 2 dm3 / min with an ozone concentration in air of 9.5 g / m3. This means it has an ozone charge of about 1.14 g / hr. A High Efficiency Particle Arresting (99.995%) filter was used to measure microbial air content before and after treatment. After an hour of application of ozone, the reduction of fungi was sufficient to ensure that its presence was complied with the maximum limit established in the legislation in question. However, this does not happen with bacteria which needs about 25 minutes more to conclude which is the same as for fungi.

At present the use of metal coatings in the automotive industry is a priority so the present research had the objective of conducting studies of metallic chromium on surfaces of rings for buses applying national and international standards. The parameters of the coating process (time, temperature and voltage) are varied to check its incidence in corrosion by checking properties such as adhesion, hardness and layer thickness. It was determined that the optimum parameters for a nickel-chromium process are 60 min, 40 0 C and 7V, but with low corrosion resistance, so that an alternate coating was developed to add an alkaline copper layer, obtaining three layers, copper-nickel-chromium, thereby increasing corrosion resistance. Resumen En la actualidad el uso de recubrimientos metálicos en la industria automotriz es prioritaria por lo que la presente investigación tuvo por objetivo realizar estudios del cromado metálico en superficies de aros para

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the restoration of metabolic imbalance related with deficiency of insulin by the exogenous androgen supplementation in the experimental model of alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar male rats. Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of alloxan. The concentrations of glucose, immunereactive insulin, corticosterone, testosterone and estradiol were examined in blood, the intensity of DNA and RNA synthesis and androgen receptor expression were studied in the liver

The purpose of study is Evaluation of Clinical and Immunological effects of using Camelyn in Periodontology. Materials and methods: We have studied clinical and immunological features of 20 patients with periodontitis between ages 20 and 60 (these patients were from the dental clinic Mitra). CPI index has been studied dynamically — before treatment, after treatment, 6 months and 1 year later. Treatment included scaling and root planning. During these 2 weeks we have used 10 ml of Camelyn 25 percent solution for rinsing. We applied it for 2 minutes. We checked cellular and humoral immunity in peripheral blood stem. Lysozyme activation was determined. Results: After treatment, the median CPI index was significantly reduced. After 6 months and a year of treatment it was insignificantly increased, but in comparison with the initial CPI it was remained significantly less.Before starting treatment Interferon and the phagocytic system was significantly lowered, also amount of T-Lymphocytes, but the amount of T suppressors was increased; After the treatment mentioned above the parameters were significantly increased, although in comparison with the standard it still was low. After the treatment the amount of T-suppressors was significantly decreased.Saliva significantly showed a reduction of the amount of lysozyme and sIgA Before treatment IgG was significantly lower and IgM higher. After the treatment all kinds of Immunoglobulins were almost the same; Conclusion: Including Camelyn in

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the modern society has witnessed an increased mobility as a vector for new lifestyles of the "civilization of mobility". Tied with the impressive developments in the information and communication technologies, the concept of mobility continues to be a significant challenge that needs to be considered while planning the city or studying the society. Comparing the contemporary society to the past nomadic communities appears as an approach that would explore and decrypt some socio-spatial phenomena where rapid transformations would be otherwise difficult to analyze using non-comparative methodologies. This article attempts to revisit some similarities between the contemporary society and the nomadic society in relation to the issue of mobility. The similarities are then analyzed with regard to two key concepts which shape the social pattern on the territories: the spatial reference and the nature of social links. The article ends with an exploration of proposals on how to take into account the contemporary mobility, henceforth smart, at the level of urban planning policies. Résumé La société moderne connait en ce début du 21ème siècle une montée en puissance des mobilités comme moteur de nouveaux modes de vie marquant résolument l'entrée de l'homme dans la " civilisation de la mobilité ". 196 Conjuguée au développement exceptionnel des technologies de l'information et de la communication, la question des mobilités bouscule, structure, déstructure les territoires et pose à ceux qui aménagent ou étudient la ville le défi de la prendre en compte comme mode de questionnement de la société et sur la société. La comparaison de la société contemporaine aux communautés nomades de jadis émerge très souvent comme une approche qui permettrait d'explorer et décrypter certains phénomènes socio-spatiaux dont les mutations rapides pourraient rendre obsolètes certaines grilles de lecture non comparatives. Cet écrit propose de revisiter certaines similitudes entre société contemporaine et société nomade en rapport avec la question des mobilités et de les interpréter au regard de deux notions clés qui structurent profondément l'organisation sociale des sociétés sur leurs territoires : le rapport à l'espace et la nature des liens sociaux. Ensuite, des modalités de prise en compte des mobilités contemporaines, de surcroît connectées, au niveau des politiques de planification urbaine, sont proposées. 1. Introduction Risquons-nous l'anachronisme, au premier abord, dans un essai de rapprochement des mobilités contemporaines à l'aire nomade de l'histoire humaine ? Cet exercice intellectuel serait-il réducteur des phénomènes au point de se heurter au rejet de la lecture assidue ? … oui, Probablement. Mais que risquons-nous à débattre de la question des mobilités qui bouscule, structure et déstructure les territoires ; à donner forme à une réflexion qui affirme d'emblée que rapprochement n'est pas synonyme de " l'histoire se répète " ou que les contextes sont " transposables ". Quelles seraient la nature et l'ampleur des différences qui existent entre la figure contemporaine et la figure nomade et dans quelle mesure objectent-t-elles leur rapprochement ? Mais la tentation d'identifier des liens, des passerelles entre ces deux réalités et leurs modes de vie-dont les séparations ne procèdent pas du seul éloignement temporel-est telle, qu'il serait effectivement intéressant de jauger la portée des similitudes qui autoriseraient la comparaison. Il s'agit en particulier de révéler la nature des ressemblances/différences et de les interpréter au regard des deux notions qui structurent profondément l'organisation sociale des sociétés sur leurs territoires : le rapport à l'espace et la nature des liens sociaux.

The objective of the present study is to research the incidence of explosive strength on the ball kick of senior category soccer players from the “Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo”. The study was carried out through the application of a comprehensive training program to improve explosive strenght and ball kick for 8 weeks. In this study, 50 soccer players were also evaluated. The age, body weight (kg), height (cm), and body mass index were also evaluated. The pre-post ball kick precision test was applied as well. The soccer sketch 2.5.0 program was used for the preparation of the training sessions, while the SPSS statistical package was used for the results tabulation. The results obtained are as follows: average age of 21.82, average body mass index 26.72 (kg/m2). An average of 2.38 goals was obtained in the pre-test of ball precision, while an average of 3.64 goals was obtained in the post-test whit a level of significance of 0.001. In conclusion, the application of training sessions based on comprehensive exercises of explosive strength and ball kick are very important in improving the sports performance of the soccer players.

This study considered promoting well-being of employees in high demand occupational positions, through the screening of mental well-being. The numerous challenges to such monitoring in a multilingual developing country like South Africa – where this study was conducted – requires a tool that can screen for the mental well-being of at-risk individuals, in order to timeously refer vulnerable persons to appropriate mental health support services. This paper explored whether the State-Trait Personality Inventory-Trait Scales (STPI-T) can be used fairly to monitor the well-being of young adult South Africans in high demand occupational settings. The self-report scales were administered to a non-clinical sample (women=392, men=521) aged 20 to 40 years, and their responses were analyzed with MANOVA and a ROC analysis. The main findings of the study indicated that contextualised norms are required (and were provided for the sample studied), develop per specific national and occupational environment; and that socio-demographic variables like gender, age, and language had limited effect on scale responses in this select sample. The scales effectively identified vulnerable individuals, comparable to psychological interviews. Scale scores were highly homogenized, facilitating identification of outliers which may indicate poorer mental health, thus enabling further referral for appropriate support. In conclusion, the study provides support for the use of the SPTI-T to promote the well-being of employees in multilingual high demand occupational settings, through regular monitoring and early identification of risk for poor mental health.

The aim of this research is to analyze the socio-cultural importance of non-ligneous forest products (NWFPs) in the forest of Agoua, located in the department of Hills in Benin. This research led to an inventory of NWFPs and ethnobotanical surveys among 50 foresters, 62 NWFP resellers, 46 consumers and 12 phytotherapists. The data collected relate to the plant species used as NWFPs by populations living on the massif of Agoua, to endogenous knowledge and to the use values of NWFPs. Thus, 105 plant species distributed in 48 families have been inventoried within the forest massif of Agoua. The determination of the different categories of NWFP uses revealed that 61 (58.09%) of the total number of plant species surveyed were used in traditional medicine, 30 in food (28.57%), 28 for various domestic uses (26.57%), 8 for building materials (7.61%), 6 for packaging (5.71%) and 4 for coloring (3.8%). The organs taken by the populations vary from one species to another and according to the use they make of them. In fact, it is the leaves, fruits, barks, flowers and roots that are used by the populations bordering the forest of Agoua. The excessive exploitation of NWFPs by the populations bordering on the Agoua forest is the cause of the decline and disappearance of these plant species with a high genetic and socio-cultural potential. The aggravation of this phenomenon with population growth may be detrimental to the sustainability of this forest ecosystem. In order to reduce the effects of such use, it is necessary to implement methods and collection rates that respect the sustainability of these resources.

At the end of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, the issue of access to water has not been fully addressed in developing countries in the face of increasing population. In Benin, despite the efforts made in this sector, rural populations are still faced with difficulties in accessing drinking water. This study aims to contribute to a better cartographic knowledge of the demographic evolution and its implications on the access to drinking water in Hollidjé. The study was carried out in 33 Holli villages in the municipalities of Pobè and Adja-Ouèrè. The censuses of 1979-1992-2002 and 2013 and the base of the water points of the Directorate General of Water of 2015 were used. These data have been processed using SPSS software 23, DEMProj for demographic projection by 2030 and ArcGis 10.1 for data spatialization and mapping. The study shows that Hollidjé is growing at a rate of 6.6% a year, double the national increase (3.50%). With a density of more than 200hbts / km², this territory has a low drinking water supply rate (minus 40% in 2013). By 2030, the Hollidjè population will double. Thus, the equivalent drinking water requirement will be 500 water points. At this pace, the objectives of sustainable development related to drinking water and sanitation may not be achieved if sectoral policies are not implemented.

The right to water is a right for all and must be implemented in a non-discriminatory manner in accordance with the conditions and limits laid down by some particular laws and regulations. In order to make the right to drinking water and sanitation a reality, water and sanitation services must be made affordable to the population as a whole. Property and access to other human rights such as the right to housing, food or health services should also be made available to the population. Internationally, several countries have recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation, but have not actually implemented it at the national level. The objective of this study is to show the importance of the implementation of the right to drinking water, so that it can be made available to all. Since the most widely traded studies on human rights were dominated by political and judicial character, I tried in this study to broaden the meaning of human rights and to provide more Rights. This is despite the fact that it has not been compensated by specific legal texts. As a result, the problem of the study is focused on water as a fundamental need of human, and access to water is part of its fundamental rights. Résumé Le droit à l'eau est un droit pour tous et doit être mis en oeuvre d'une manière non discriminatoire, conformément aux conditions et limites fixées par certaines lois et règlements particuliers. Afin de rendre le droit à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en réalité, les services d'eau et d'assainissement doivent être rendus abordables pour l'ensemble de la population. La propriété et l'accès à d'autres droits de l'homme, tels que le droit au logement, à l'alimentation ou aux services de santé devraient également être mis à la disposition de la population. Sur le plan international, plusieurs pays ont reconnu le droit à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement, mais ils ne l'ont pas encore mis au niveau national. L'objectif de cette étude est de montrer

This study was intended to investigate impediments of students' English Language speaking with particular reference to Wolaita Sodo and Areka Preparatory Schools. The study also examines causes that account for these impediments. The subjects of the study were grade 11 students of the aforementioned schools. The samples of the study were 620 students out of 2,388 students in both preparatory schools; again 14 students and 8 English Language teachers were selected for the interview. The sample students were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data gathering instruments used were questionnaire, interview and classroom observation. To achieve the objectives, descriptive method of research design is used. To analyze the obtained data, both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were used. The findings show that: lack of confidence from the student side, excessive use of mother tongue, preference of grammar and vocabulary than speaking, poor speaking background, shortage of vocabulary, teachers' emphasis on grammar and vocabulary, teacher centered way of teaching, large class size, lack of access to teaching aids, shortage of text books and references. Each of these factors was also caused by different problems such as: Classmates' laughing when one makes a mistake while speaking; focusing on teaching grammar than speaking; focusing of exam questions mainly on grammar and vocabulary than speaking, nature of the English Text Book and teachers' experience of traditional teaching. Finally, the recommendations were forwarded based on the findings.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the huge gap clearly observed today, but which in fact is the result of a cumulative process of recent decades between what is expected and what is done on academic freedom, is a cause for concern for African learned community and beyond. Trying to impose orthodoxy as reference, both ethically and academically in the Congolese changing university space, presupposes to consider the governance (nature/quality) of Congolese society in which the university is only seen as one of the main observation windows. As a prerequisite for successful reimplementation of the professional codes of ethics among scholars, we believe that any awareness campaign would not cause the breakup of disreputable practices dominating the Congo's higher education if courageous, even unpopular but salutary reforms are not undertaken upstream. Even if scholars are to be questioned on their duties (Social Responsibility), it remains that their material conditions of living and working are not conducive to the rigorous application of ethical and professional principles for an effective exercise of academic freedom as a right. Material misery would induce moral misery and intellectual poverty, thus trapping academic freedom. Résumé En République démocratique du Congo (RDC), l'écart visiblement énorme, observé aujourd'hui, mais qui en fait n'est que le résultat d'un processus cumulatif des dernières décennies entre ce qui est prévu et ce qui se fait en matière de liberté académique, constitue un motif d'inquiétude

The world in which we live is seen, on the one hand as a global village in some sense and, on the other, as a divided geography. In other words, it is localized and ghettoized simultaneously. The everyday life that transforms rapidly and in an amorphous notion bears testimony to the rise of new identities and belongings as well as new opposition and disengagement. This dilemma generates new and different notion of tension and conflict. Body and gender are considerably significant paradigms in terms of showing and representing this sense of physical, mental and ideological separation; so much so that they change continuously in the shade of freedom and security deadlock. As for media, they do not merely capture but formalized the social events and collective facts. They manipulate the viewer perception and attitudes. From institutional and traditional to individual, digitalized and social media, they redefine the meaning of distant and ambivalent identities and design some clichés about them. That is why this paper is an attempt to describe the representation of marginal identities in Turkish media mainly through television channels, newspapers, internet and films that may stimulate the controversial relationship between normals and deviant and between insider and outsider. For this purpose, in this study, it is focused on the question of how Turkish media display and represent the transvestites.

Adolescence is a stage of transition from childhood to the adult world, which is affected among other things by the tension between the incorporation into the labor market and permanence in the educational system (D'alessandre, 2010). However, there is little information related to adolescents who do not study or work. Because of the information that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to accentuate at this stage of life (Gaeta & Galvanoski, 2011), this study identifies differences in the presence of antisocial and criminal behavior among students in two public high schools at Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico, and adolescents who do not study or work in the same city using the AD measure (Seisdedos & Sánchez, 2001). The sample consisted of 120 teenagers between 14 and 18 years of age, with a total of 81 students and 39 adolescents who do not study or work. Through an analysis of variance ANOVA of sex by occupation were found significant differences in the presence of antisocial behaviors between adolescents who study and those who do not. A difference was observed in the presence of criminal behavior also, specifically in the group of male adolescents who did not study. It was observed that those adolescent men and women who are studying, are less likely to commit criminal acts, compared to those adolescent especially men who are not within a school or work system. The role played by the socio-cultural context as a risk factor or protection for the appearance of criminal and antisocial behavior is highlighted. Resumen La adolescencia es una etapa de tránsito de la niñez al mundo adulto, que se ve afectada entre otras cosas, por la tensión entre la incorporación al

This paper suggests a framework proposal for the analysis of urbanization policy as a public policy. Firstly, how urbanization policy is conceptualised is discussed. After, a framework for analysis of urbanization policy is suggested. Main elements of this framework are specified as (1) conditions that constitute urbanization policy background; urbanization logic produced by socioeconomic structure; (2) political and administrative agents and other related actors and also their relations; forms of theoretically doing politics of actors; (3) key issue of urbanization policy and its prominent characteristics; process of urbanization policy; (4) change pattern of the policy. Paper ends up with an emphasis on an important inclusionary analysis for the development on urbanization policy making.

The article aims to analyze the degree of professional motivation of the teachers of primary schools in the periphery of zone B in the development of their teaching activities, in a population of 271 subjects and a final sample of 200 teachers and 4 directors. To carry out this research, a questionnaire was applied to teachers that follow a Likert scale, with 71 variables related to professional motivation. Interviews were also conducted with members of the selected schools. Different statistical analyzes were carried out for the processing of the collected information, such as the application of the test of the two halves of Guttmann and the coefficient of Spearman Brown, with a reliability of the results showing the internal consistency of the instruments used in this study (0.993). The results indicate that teachers outside schools have a professional motivation level lower than school teachers in urban areas, given the numerous labor difficulties they face daily in schools. From the perspective of teachers, their level of job satisfaction can improve when they see that the basic problems that have to do with their professional success are solved, including among these solutions the decrease in the number of students in the classes.

Since its enactment on July 2009, Ethiopia's anti-terrorism proclamation is at the very center of almost every political discourse in the nation. Many dissidents fall into its trap and by day its effect is becoming more far-reaching and resonating. The widely written provisions of the law make it susceptible to misapplication and prone to abuse. Whilst the state is staunchly firing back to the detractors of the law and its mis(application) alike, however, simultaneously it doubled down utilizing it, by every new day. This paper, after examining one hundred twenty three terrorism charges pressed against nearly one thousand individuals―in a sixty-six months period of time―concludes that: Ethiopia's anti-terrorism law is a colossal failure for counterterrorism, which only exemplifies how not to counter terrorism.

In Ecuador, agriculture plays an important role in its economic development, which is closely related to the change of the productive matrix and consequently to its production chains. This emergence has made agriculture one of the main sources of income for rural populations in the country. The Altar, is a rural parish of Ecuador, belonging to the Penipe canton of the province of Chimborazo, due to its geographical location, has several climates that facilitate the development of agriculture, especially a large part of its population is dedicated to the cultivation of Blackberry. Thus, based on the current territorial model: from a purely production approach, a proposal for a management model is designed, which aims to: improve agricultural production, generate added value to the production of arrears and introduce new ones Markets for marketing. In conclusion, the proposed management model is a tool that can be applied to the producers and marketers of the Altar parish, with the purpose of generating greater economic income. Resumen En el Ecuador la agricultura cumple un rol importante en su desarrollo económico, el cual está estrechamente relacionado con el cambio de la matriz productiva y consecuentemente con sus cadenas de producción. Éste surgimiento ha hecho que la agricultura se constituya en una de las principales fuentes de ingresos para la poblaciones rurales del país. El Altar, es una parroquia rural del Ecuador, perteneciente al cantón Penipe de la

Information and communication technology (ICT) in education has currently become an unavoidable pedagogical tool in any educational system of high standards. Its integration signifies a change in the learning processes and knowledge transmission and acquisition. In this article, we present the results of an exploratory research that we led with engineering science teachers of the Mechanical Science and Technology stream in high schools belonging to two regional Moroccan academies (Grand Casablanca, Settat and the Oriental). Our study focuses on the identification of the unknown current state of affairs and related to the integration of ICT in this subject of secondary education of the Mechanical Science and Technology stream in Moroccan high schools. The results have shown that 95% of the interrogated teachers displayed a big interest towards the usage of ICT in their teaching practices whilst only 22.5% of them already integrate it regularly in the classroom. This paradox is chiefly due to a shortage of equipment within the institution, the lack of software and applications suitable for E.S as well as teachers' qualification and training. We also estimate that this research's results could prove useful to other streams while the integration of ICT in the training of future teachers and in the practices of the classroom still remains problematic.

The presentation of the results of the present study was used to fundamentally analyze the influence of professionalism of university teaching in the development of the pedagogical competences of students in teacher training at the Higher Institute of Educational Sciences (ISCED) in Benguela. This study was carried out on the theme based on reference. The research carried out is of the descriptive type, whose data collection was quantitative and qualitative, from the determined sample. It is made up of teachers, students, and school board members. This, however, is a quantitative and qualitative study. Based on the data collected, the paper concludes on the lack of planning in pairs of the teaching work, the lack of a specific team for the supervision of the teaching work, and the fact that there is no specific criterion in the entrance periphery of teaching candidates. Resumen La presentación de los resultados del estudio sobre el tema en cuestión, con el objetivo de analizar principalmente la influencia de La profesionalización de la docencia universitaria y su influencia en el desarrollo de las competencias pedagógicas en la Formación de docentes en el Instituto Superior de Ciencias de la Educación (ISCED) de Benguela

This paper examines the effect of support for entrepreneurship development on economic growth and development in Nigeria with a view to ameliorating some problems militating against the development of Nigeria. Secondary data was sourced from CBN reports, NBS reports and so on. Hypotheses were set and tested by engaging the linear regression method as the analytical tool. The results discovered that government policy has helped in developing entrepreneurs' skill in Nigeria and that whatever polices formulated in the time past has not helped in the development of entrepreneurial skill. In light of these, it was recommended that policies of entrepreneur development and the delivery institutions must be appropriate so that the small industrial units that are being promoted do not fall into a peculiar and complex difficulty.

The role of organizational culture on employee performance has been a subject of interest. The purpose of the study was to establish the effects of organizational ownership and culture on employee performance. The study was guided by Social cognitive theory. Explanatory research design was used. The target population comprised of 403 employees drawn from 12 Commercial Banks in Kenya. Stratified and random sampling techniques were used to obtain sample size of 141 employees. The study used questionnaires as a tool for data collection. In order to test the reliability of the instrument, Crobanch alpha test was used. The study adopted both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis were employed to estimate the causal relationships between organization culture and performance, and other chosen variables. Findings indicate that involvement culture (β 1 = 0.230, p-value<0.05) and consistency culture (β 2 = 0.286, p< 0.05) has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Ownership thus has positive and significant moderating effect of bank ownership on the relationship between involvement culture and employee performance (β = 0.26, ρ<0.05) and (β=-0.2, ρ<0.05) respectively hence concluding that consistency culture and involvement culture improves employee performance. The study recommends that organizations that aim at improving employee performance need to ensure that employees have inputs into issues that affect both their work and the organization in general. Moreover, information needs to be widely shared so that each and every employee can get the information they require to make the appropriate decisions.

The aim of this research was to understand how teachers who work at urban and rural high schools perceive their school climate in terms of their professional development. A qualitative research design was carried out to collect data with a group of 24 teachers who were selected based on their participation in postgraduate degree courses for professional development offered by the faculty of Educational Sciences at University of Shkoder. Many studies on school effectiveness emphasize the importance of organizational climate in which effective teaching and learning occur. Several factors have a crucial role in defining a successful school climate but three organizational climate factors were chosen for this study; collegial support, teachers' autonomy and principal role. Also, this paper attempted to offer some kind of an alternative for assessing the school climate in order to review teacher's training plan for professional development.