Southeast Asian Studies
Research Interests:
Panel discussion with Thai directors Pen-Ek Ratanaruang and Passakorn Pramunwong
Research Interests: Visual Anthropology, Southeast Asian Studies, Thai Studies, Democratization, Horror Film, and 10 moreThailand, Thai History, Horror Cinema, Documentary Film, Thai Cinema, Critical Intersections in Art, Film, Media, Politics in Thailand, Thai politics, Thai Study, and Visual Anthropology and Sociology
Dong Son bronze drum surfaces display cire perdue hieroglyphs of extraordinary artistry, orthographic fidelity and brilliance. It is for archaeometallurgical researchers to unravel the precise methods used to achieve such excellent... more
Dong Son bronze drum surfaces display cire perdue hieroglyphs of extraordinary artistry, orthographic fidelity and brilliance. It is for archaeometallurgical researchers to unravel the precise methods used to achieve such excellent embossed hieroglyphs.
An intimation of embossed hieroglyphic work is seen on Harappa copper tablets.
Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43 Source: http://www.harappa.com/indus4/351.html http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
Daimabad seal. Hieroglyph: karava 'narrownecked jar' Rim of narrownecked jar shown in a two-part message of a prism tablet m1429, Mohenjodaro describing the supercargo, karNI http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
This hieroglyph may signify karuv 'embossed' on karuvi 'metal implements, weapons.' Ta. karuvi instrument, tool. Ma. kari, karivi, karuvi, karu tool, plough, weapon.(DEDR 1290) கருவி karuvi , n. prob. கரு³. [M. karuvi.] 1. Instrument, tool, implement; ஆயுதம். கருவி கொண்டு . . . பொருள்கையுறின் (சிலப். 16, 186). 2. Means, materials, as for a sacrifice; சாதனம். அறிவற்றங் காக்குங் கருவி (குறள், 421). 3. Armour, coat of mail; கவசம். (திவா.) 4. Shield; கேடகம். கருவித்தேன் (சீவக. 1606). 5. Saddle; குதிரைக் கலணை. (திவா.) 6. Horse-whip; குதிரைச்சம் மட்டி. (சூடா.) 7. Assembly, collection, flock, group; தொகுதி. (தொல். சொல். 354, உரை.)(Tamil)
Rebus: karavi 'mould' karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model
Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief;karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; ḍālu- gara womb (for ḍālu, see 1123).(DEDR 1280) खडू (p. 193) [ khaḍū ] f A kind of pipeclay. 2 A composition (of pulverized millstone &c. with water) to rub over writing-boards. 3 f The protuberant portion of a piece of wood or stone, as left after the shaving or chipping away of the parts adjoining (as of a yoke, of the pannels of a door, the embossments, relief, or rising-work of a statue). G. korvũ ʻ to scoop, carve, bore a hole ʼ; M. korṇẽ ʻ to scoop, engrave, cut gradually off ʼ; N. kornu ʻ to scratch, tear, comb ʼ; A. koriba ʻ to hoe ʼ, korokiba ʻ to scoop out ʼ. <-> With expressive redup. H. kakornā ʻ to scrape ʼ.S.kcch. korṇū ʻ to bore (a hole) ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kornõ ʻ to bore, drill ʼ, kurnõ ʻ to be bored ʼ.(CDIAL 3530)
Remarkable narratives comparable to the hieroglyph narratives on Dong Son bronze drums are seen on some Indus Script epigraphs. Some examples:
Crocodile, tiger looking back, spy on tree
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/meluhha-hieroglyphs-makara-torana-rope.html h1973B h1974B Harappa Two tablets. One side shows a person seated on a tree branch, a tiger looking up, a crocodile on the top register and other animals in procession in the bottom register. Obverse side (comparable to h1970, h1971 and h1972) shows an elephant, a person strangling two tigers (jackals or foxes) and a six-spoked wheel.
The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.
Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]
One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).
kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)
kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’. Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.
koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)
ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa 'rhimpceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.
Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.
Hieroglyph: heraka ‘spy’. Rebus: eraka, arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'; era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass'.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ancient-near-east-rosetta-stone-tell.html
Trunk of elephant hieoroglyph component on this combined animal signifies: karba 'elephant' Rebus: karba 'iron'. Hieroglyph: karabha 'trunk of elephant' (Pali)
Phoneme karba has two hieroglyph components which are semantic determinatives: kari 'elephant' ibha'elephant'
karin m. ʻ elephant ʼ. [See karabhá -- ]Pa. karin -- m., Pk. kari -- , °iṇa -- m., °iṇī -- , °iṇiyā -- f.; <-> Si. kiriyā ← Pa.(CDIAL 2803)
Hieroglyph: hand: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]
Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)
Rebus: karba 'very hard iron' (Tulu) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black; karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi. Kor. (T.) kardi black. kabbiṇa iron (Kannada) kabïn iron (Toda) karum poṉ iron (Tamil)(DEDR 1278)
Allograph: pot with narrow neck: Koḍ. karava clay pot with narrow neck. Go. (Ma.) karvi narrow-mouthed earthen vessel for oil or liquor (DEDR 1273A)
Hieroglyph: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali). kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Note: Ib is the name of a station between Howrah and Nagpur. The Railway station is in the iron ore belt.
Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]
1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu" ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)
An intimation of embossed hieroglyphic work is seen on Harappa copper tablets.
Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43 Source: http://www.harappa.com/indus4/351.html http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
Daimabad seal. Hieroglyph: karava 'narrownecked jar' Rim of narrownecked jar shown in a two-part message of a prism tablet m1429, Mohenjodaro describing the supercargo, karNI http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
This hieroglyph may signify karuv 'embossed' on karuvi 'metal implements, weapons.' Ta. karuvi instrument, tool. Ma. kari, karivi, karuvi, karu tool, plough, weapon.(DEDR 1290) கருவி karuvi , n. prob. கரு³. [M. karuvi.] 1. Instrument, tool, implement; ஆயுதம். கருவி கொண்டு . . . பொருள்கையுறின் (சிலப். 16, 186). 2. Means, materials, as for a sacrifice; சாதனம். அறிவற்றங் காக்குங் கருவி (குறள், 421). 3. Armour, coat of mail; கவசம். (திவா.) 4. Shield; கேடகம். கருவித்தேன் (சீவக. 1606). 5. Saddle; குதிரைக் கலணை. (திவா.) 6. Horse-whip; குதிரைச்சம் மட்டி. (சூடா.) 7. Assembly, collection, flock, group; தொகுதி. (தொல். சொல். 354, உரை.)(Tamil)
Rebus: karavi 'mould' karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model
Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief;karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; ḍālu- gara womb (for ḍālu, see 1123).(DEDR 1280) खडू (p. 193) [ khaḍū ] f A kind of pipeclay. 2 A composition (of pulverized millstone &c. with water) to rub over writing-boards. 3 f The protuberant portion of a piece of wood or stone, as left after the shaving or chipping away of the parts adjoining (as of a yoke, of the pannels of a door, the embossments, relief, or rising-work of a statue). G. korvũ ʻ to scoop, carve, bore a hole ʼ; M. korṇẽ ʻ to scoop, engrave, cut gradually off ʼ; N. kornu ʻ to scratch, tear, comb ʼ; A. koriba ʻ to hoe ʼ, korokiba ʻ to scoop out ʼ. <-> With expressive redup. H. kakornā ʻ to scrape ʼ.S.kcch. korṇū ʻ to bore (a hole) ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kornõ ʻ to bore, drill ʼ, kurnõ ʻ to be bored ʼ.(CDIAL 3530)
Remarkable narratives comparable to the hieroglyph narratives on Dong Son bronze drums are seen on some Indus Script epigraphs. Some examples:
Crocodile, tiger looking back, spy on tree
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/meluhha-hieroglyphs-makara-torana-rope.html h1973B h1974B Harappa Two tablets. One side shows a person seated on a tree branch, a tiger looking up, a crocodile on the top register and other animals in procession in the bottom register. Obverse side (comparable to h1970, h1971 and h1972) shows an elephant, a person strangling two tigers (jackals or foxes) and a six-spoked wheel.
The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.
Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]
One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).
kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)
kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’. Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.
koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)
ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa 'rhimpceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.
Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.
Hieroglyph: heraka ‘spy’. Rebus: eraka, arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'; era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass'.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ancient-near-east-rosetta-stone-tell.html
Trunk of elephant hieoroglyph component on this combined animal signifies: karba 'elephant' Rebus: karba 'iron'. Hieroglyph: karabha 'trunk of elephant' (Pali)
Phoneme karba has two hieroglyph components which are semantic determinatives: kari 'elephant' ibha'elephant'
karin m. ʻ elephant ʼ. [See karabhá -- ]Pa. karin -- m., Pk. kari -- , °iṇa -- m., °iṇī -- , °iṇiyā -- f.; <-> Si. kiriyā ← Pa.(CDIAL 2803)
Hieroglyph: hand: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]
Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)
Rebus: karba 'very hard iron' (Tulu) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black; karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi. Kor. (T.) kardi black. kabbiṇa iron (Kannada) kabïn iron (Toda) karum poṉ iron (Tamil)(DEDR 1278)
Allograph: pot with narrow neck: Koḍ. karava clay pot with narrow neck. Go. (Ma.) karvi narrow-mouthed earthen vessel for oil or liquor (DEDR 1273A)
Hieroglyph: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali). kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Note: Ib is the name of a station between Howrah and Nagpur. The Railway station is in the iron ore belt.
Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]
1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu" ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)
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Interview on "Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism"
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This is an addendum to: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/rearming-bharatam-janam-with-literary.html Roots of Bhāratam Janam from 7th millennium BCE and evidences from Indus Script corpora. Refuting Parpola's Dravidian basis for... more
This is an addendum to:
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/rearming-bharatam-janam-with-literary.html
Roots of Bhāratam Janam from 7th millennium BCE and evidences from Indus Script corpora. Refuting Parpola's Dravidian basis for decipherment
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
Indus Script Corpora Cipher hypertexts with hieroglyph-multiplexes signify blacksmith, metal ingot types, implements
This note further refutes Asko Parpola's Dravidian solution to Indus script (see embedded document) and also refutes reading of a hieroglyph on Mohenjo-daro seal m 290 as: கழுதை kaḻutai and offers a rebus-metonymy decipherment in Proto-Prakritam as khara 'ass, onager' with evidence from Paippalada Samhita (20.39.2) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
Seal m 290 Mohenjo-daroIndus Script epigraph deciphered: kol 'working in iron' + pattar 'goldsmith guild' + ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) PLUS khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) PLUS kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) deciphered as: ṭaṅka 'mint' PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)
On this seal, hind leg + wild ass hieroglyphs sequence identified by Asko Parpola, see: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece
See: Seal found in Banawali in a gold-silversmith’s residence
Banawali. Seal B 17 Horned tiger in front of sangaDa 'lathe, portable furnace'
Hieroglyph multiplex: gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'
Hieroglyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'
Hieroglyhph: Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ Rebus: M. goṭ metal wristlet ʼ P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; (CDIAL 4271)
Hieroglyph-multiplex: body PLUS platform: meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS Hieroglyhph: pī˜ṛī ʻplatform of lingamʼ Rebus: Mth. pĩṛ, pĩṛā ʻlumpʼ Thus, the message of the hieroglyph-multiplex is: lump of iron.
The epigraph on Seal m290 is read as Proto-Prakritam:
Three hieroglyphs on text: ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) PLUS khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) PLUS kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati)
Rebus: ṭaṅka- 'mint' PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kharadT ' turner' (Gujarati) Tiger PLUS (trough -- broken seal): kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'.
Hieroglyph (third hieroglyph on text of seal m 290) and three alternative sets of homonyms:
Set 1: G. kã̄gsī f. ʻcombʼ Rebus: kamsa 'bronze, bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. k&ebrevdotdot;nzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- .(CDIAL 2576)
Set 2: khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: 1. करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 2. kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)
Set 3: kaṅkaṭa -- 2 ʻ comb ʼ Rebus: Pk. kakkhaḍa -- , °khala -- ʻ rough ʼ; Ash. kakeṛäˊ ʻ hard See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/supercaro-ingots-1-of-cast-metal-2-for.html
Hieroglyph: ṭaṅka3 (a) ʻ *rod, spike ʼ, (b) m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. [Orig. ʻ stick ʼ? Cf. list s.v. *ḍakka -- 2] 1. (a) K. ṭang m. ʻ projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ʼ; N. ṭāṅo ʻ rod, fishing rod ʼ, °ṅi ʻ measuring rod ʼ; H. ṭã̄k f. ʻ iron pin, rivet ʼ (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki ʻ thin iron bar ʼ). (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.*uṭṭaṅka -- 2, *uṭṭaṅga -- . ṭaṅka -- 4 ʻ peak, crag ʼ see *ṭakka -- 3. Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3. 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.2. ṭaṅga -- 3: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ AFD 201.(CDIAL 5428)
Hieroglyph: a short-sized horse: टांकण or टाकण (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇa or ṭākaṇa ] m ( H) A horse of a certain short-sized breed. टांकणचाल (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇacāla ] f A pace of the horse,--a form of amble. See under चाल.(Marathi)
Rebus: stamped coin, mint: टंक (p. 335) [ ṭaṅka ] m S A stone-cutter's chisel. 2 A weight equal to four माष &c. See under टांक Sig. I. टंकण (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkaṇa ] n S Brute borax. See टांकणखार. टंकशाला (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkaśālā ] f (S) pop. टंकसाळ or टकसाळ f A mint. टंकसाळचा फुटका or फुटलेला (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkasāḷacā phuṭakā or phuṭalēlā ] a (Broken in the mint.) Spoiled or mutilated in birth, or in the parents' home, or in early training &c. The phrase is from H. टंकसाळ्या (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkasāḷyā ] a (टंकसाळ) Epithet of that सोनार or goldsmith who is employed in coining: opp. to अंगसाळ्या. 2 A person generally employed at the mint. टकारी or टंकारी (p. 336) [ ṭakārī or ṭaṅkārī ] m (टंक) A caste or an indivi, dual of it. They are workers in stone, makers of handmills &c.टांक (p. 337) [ ṭāṅka ] m (टंक S) A weight, according to some, of one तोळा or the seventy-secondth part of a पक्का शेर; according to others, of nine मासे; according to others, of four मासे. 2 The nib of a pen. 3 By melon. A penful of ink. Pr. टांका आगळें लि- हावें घांसा उणें जेवावें Write a nibful over;4 A metal plate with an image of a god impressed. Hence fig. An indispensable person at a feast or rite--who must be invited. 5 (Poetry.) A rupee or any silver coin. 6 (Enhancing particle to कोरडा) Utterly dried up--a river, tank, well. टांक गुंतणें g. of s. To be bound by some note of hand passed or writing executed. टांक मारणें To set down in writing. टांकानें (or लेखणीच्या टांकानें) गळा कापणें To kill with the pen. टांकणें (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇēṃ ] v c (टंक) To reset or rechisel; to refreshen the impressions (of a mill or grinding stone): also to chisel or face it originally. टाकसाळ or टांकसाळ (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷa or ṭāṅkasāḷa ] f (टंकशाला S) A mint. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī ] a (टाकसाळ) Pertaining or relating to the mint--money, a person. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī ] f A cess upon a mintestablishment,(Marathi) Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin. (DEDR 3013) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2] Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5433, 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (ṭ? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgi f.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ.(CDIAL 5427)
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/rearming-bharatam-janam-with-literary.html
Roots of Bhāratam Janam from 7th millennium BCE and evidences from Indus Script corpora. Refuting Parpola's Dravidian basis for decipherment
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html
Indus Script Corpora Cipher hypertexts with hieroglyph-multiplexes signify blacksmith, metal ingot types, implements
This note further refutes Asko Parpola's Dravidian solution to Indus script (see embedded document) and also refutes reading of a hieroglyph on Mohenjo-daro seal m 290 as: கழுதை kaḻutai and offers a rebus-metonymy decipherment in Proto-Prakritam as khara 'ass, onager' with evidence from Paippalada Samhita (20.39.2) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
Seal m 290 Mohenjo-daroIndus Script epigraph deciphered: kol 'working in iron' + pattar 'goldsmith guild' + ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) PLUS khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) PLUS kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) deciphered as: ṭaṅka 'mint' PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)
On this seal, hind leg + wild ass hieroglyphs sequence identified by Asko Parpola, see: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece
See: Seal found in Banawali in a gold-silversmith’s residence
Banawali. Seal B 17 Horned tiger in front of sangaDa 'lathe, portable furnace'
Hieroglyph multiplex: gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'
Hieroglyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'
Hieroglyhph: Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ Rebus: M. goṭ metal wristlet ʼ P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; (CDIAL 4271)
Hieroglyph-multiplex: body PLUS platform: meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS Hieroglyhph: pī˜ṛī ʻplatform of lingamʼ Rebus: Mth. pĩṛ, pĩṛā ʻlumpʼ Thus, the message of the hieroglyph-multiplex is: lump of iron.
The epigraph on Seal m290 is read as Proto-Prakritam:
Three hieroglyphs on text: ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) PLUS khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) PLUS kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati)
Rebus: ṭaṅka- 'mint' PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kharadT ' turner' (Gujarati) Tiger PLUS (trough -- broken seal): kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'.
Hieroglyph (third hieroglyph on text of seal m 290) and three alternative sets of homonyms:
Set 1: G. kã̄gsī f. ʻcombʼ Rebus: kamsa 'bronze, bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. k&ebrevdotdot;nzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- .(CDIAL 2576)
Set 2: khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: 1. करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 2. kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)
Set 3: kaṅkaṭa -- 2 ʻ comb ʼ Rebus: Pk. kakkhaḍa -- , °khala -- ʻ rough ʼ; Ash. kakeṛäˊ ʻ hard See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/supercaro-ingots-1-of-cast-metal-2-for.html
Hieroglyph: ṭaṅka3 (a) ʻ *rod, spike ʼ, (b) m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. [Orig. ʻ stick ʼ? Cf. list s.v. *ḍakka -- 2] 1. (a) K. ṭang m. ʻ projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ʼ; N. ṭāṅo ʻ rod, fishing rod ʼ, °ṅi ʻ measuring rod ʼ; H. ṭã̄k f. ʻ iron pin, rivet ʼ (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki ʻ thin iron bar ʼ). (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.*uṭṭaṅka -- 2, *uṭṭaṅga -- . ṭaṅka -- 4 ʻ peak, crag ʼ see *ṭakka -- 3. Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3. 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.2. ṭaṅga -- 3: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ AFD 201.(CDIAL 5428)
Hieroglyph: a short-sized horse: टांकण or टाकण (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇa or ṭākaṇa ] m ( H) A horse of a certain short-sized breed. टांकणचाल (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇacāla ] f A pace of the horse,--a form of amble. See under चाल.(Marathi)
Rebus: stamped coin, mint: टंक (p. 335) [ ṭaṅka ] m S A stone-cutter's chisel. 2 A weight equal to four माष &c. See under टांक Sig. I. टंकण (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkaṇa ] n S Brute borax. See टांकणखार. टंकशाला (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkaśālā ] f (S) pop. टंकसाळ or टकसाळ f A mint. टंकसाळचा फुटका or फुटलेला (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkasāḷacā phuṭakā or phuṭalēlā ] a (Broken in the mint.) Spoiled or mutilated in birth, or in the parents' home, or in early training &c. The phrase is from H. टंकसाळ्या (p. 336) [ ṭaṅkasāḷyā ] a (टंकसाळ) Epithet of that सोनार or goldsmith who is employed in coining: opp. to अंगसाळ्या. 2 A person generally employed at the mint. टकारी or टंकारी (p. 336) [ ṭakārī or ṭaṅkārī ] m (टंक) A caste or an indivi, dual of it. They are workers in stone, makers of handmills &c.टांक (p. 337) [ ṭāṅka ] m (टंक S) A weight, according to some, of one तोळा or the seventy-secondth part of a पक्का शेर; according to others, of nine मासे; according to others, of four मासे. 2 The nib of a pen. 3 By melon. A penful of ink. Pr. टांका आगळें लि- हावें घांसा उणें जेवावें Write a nibful over;4 A metal plate with an image of a god impressed. Hence fig. An indispensable person at a feast or rite--who must be invited. 5 (Poetry.) A rupee or any silver coin. 6 (Enhancing particle to कोरडा) Utterly dried up--a river, tank, well. टांक गुंतणें g. of s. To be bound by some note of hand passed or writing executed. टांक मारणें To set down in writing. टांकानें (or लेखणीच्या टांकानें) गळा कापणें To kill with the pen. टांकणें (p. 337) [ ṭāṅkaṇēṃ ] v c (टंक) To reset or rechisel; to refreshen the impressions (of a mill or grinding stone): also to chisel or face it originally. टाकसाळ or टांकसाळ (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷa or ṭāṅkasāḷa ] f (टंकशाला S) A mint. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī ] a (टाकसाळ) Pertaining or relating to the mint--money, a person. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी (p. 337) [ ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī ] f A cess upon a mintestablishment,(Marathi) Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin. (DEDR 3013) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2] Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5433, 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (ṭ? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgi f.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ.(CDIAL 5427)
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Proto-Prakritam is defined as speech forms of glosses from Indian sprachbund (language union of ancient phonetic variants of glosses of present-day Indian languages.) Hypertexts of Indus Script are rendered in rebus-metonymy Meluhha... more
Proto-Prakritam is defined as speech forms of glosses from Indian sprachbund
(language union of ancient phonetic variants of glosses of present-day Indian languages.)
Hypertexts of Indus Script are rendered in rebus-metonymy Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) cipher using hieroglyph-multiplexes.
The deciphered plain texts in Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) signify blacksmith, metalwork in a smithy-forge in the following examples from Indus Script Corpora.
Merchant blacksmith boat supercargo -- iron, alloy (oxhide type) metal ingots, large ingots from smithy-forge furnace
m1429 prism tablet. Boat glyph as a Sarasvati hieroglyph on a tablet.Three sided molded tablet. Side c shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On side b is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The side a has eight glyphs of the Indus script.
The hieroglyphs are: side a: eight sign glyphs including: body, rim of jar, two ingots, rim of jar, fish, three, graft infix ligature in ingot.side b: boat, two trees, two birds; side b: gharial (alligator), fish; Boat: kolam; rebus: kolami 'furnace'
Side a has a two-part text message:
Part 1 Part 2
Part 1 Part 1 (l. to r.): merchant -- large iron ingots
Body (of person): meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' Alternative: komor, kombor 'body' (Munda etyma); rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali)
Rim of jar: kan.d. kan-ka (karNaka 'rim of jar'); Rebus 1: khaNDa 'metal implements' karNI 'supercargo' karNika 'scribe'; Rebus 2: kand. 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali); kan- 'copper' (Ta.); Rebus 3: karava 'narrow-necked jar' Rebus 4: kharava 'nidhi, wealth'; karba 'iron' (Tulu) Rebus 5: karavi, karuvu 'embossed work, mould'.
Two ingots: Allograph: d.ha_l = a shield, a buckler; the grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments; the standard or banner of a chieftain; a flag flying on a fort (Gujarati); rebus: d.ha_l.ako = large metal ingot (Gujarati) barea 'two'; rebus: barea 'merchant' (Santali)
Part 2 Part 2 (l. to r.) Smithy, large ayas (metal) ingots supercargo
Rim of jar: kan.d. kan-ka; rebus: kand. 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali); kan- 'copper' (Ta.) karNI 'supercargo'
Fish: aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) Alternative: kolli 'fish'; rebus: kol 'pancaloha, alloy of five metals' (Ta.)
Three (linear strokes): kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Alternative: t.ebra 'three'; ta(m)bra 'copper'
Hieroglyph of rice plant or sprout and as component in hieroglyph-multiplexes: kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree; kolom ul = grafted mango; kolom gocena = the cutting has died; kolom kat.hi hor.o = a certain variety of the paddy plant (Santali); kolom (B.); kolom mit = to engraft; kolom porena = the cutting has struck root; kolom kat.hi = a reed pen (Santali.lex.) ku_l.e stump (Ka.) [ku_li = paddy (Pe.)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur.) ko_li = stubble of jo_l.a (Ka.); ko_r.a = sprout (Kui.)ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te.)(DEDR 2242). kol.ake, kol.ke, the third crop of rice (Ka.); kolake, kol.ake (Tu.)(DEDR 2154)kolma = a paddy plant; kolma hor.o ‘ a variety of rice plant’ (Santali.lex.) [kural = corn-ear (Ta.)] Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.
Seal impression from Harappa; a person (warrior with two bun hairstyle) is carrying a kolom 'graft' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS bhaTa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus smithy-forge (with) furnace.
2949 Dotted circles, three kolom (grafts) 2950 four kolom (grafts) Rojdi [potsherd with two kolom (grafts)]
The history of the maritime people, metal workers -- Bharatam Janam -, has yet to be fully narrated as they transited from neolithic to the metals phase of civilization. The first step could be to unravel the essential unity of the linguistic area of 3300 BCE which is the date of the first inscription found at Harappa, showing kolom 'graft'; kolami 'smithy, forge' attesting to a writing system which became a necessity in the context of the bronze age trade networks.
Inscribed Ravi sherd (1998 find at Harappa: Kenoyer and Meadow); the sherd contains the same sign (ca. 3300 BC).http://www.harappa.com Slide 124
ढाळा [ ḍhāḷā ] m A small leafy branch, sprig. rebus: d.ha_l.ako 'ingot'
ढाळा (p. 356) [ ḍhāḷā ] A plant of gram, sometimes of वाटाणा, or of लांक. ढाळी [ ḍhāḷī ] f A branch or bough.(Marathi) Rebus: ढाळ [ ḍhāḷa Cast, mould, form (as of metal vessels, trinkets &c.) (Marathi) Thus, the infixed hieroglyph 'sprig' may be a semantic determinative of the 'oval' hieroglyph which signifies d.ha_l.ako 'ingot'
The eighth (last glyph) from l. is: kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree; kolom ul = grafted mango; kolom gocena = the cutting has died; kolom kat.hi hor.o = a certain variety of the paddy plant (Santali); kolom (B.); kolom mit = to engraft; kolom porena = the cutting has struck root; kolom kat.hi = a reed pen (Santali.lex.) ku_l.e stump (Ka.) [ku_li = paddy (Pe.)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur.) ko_li = stubble of jo_l.a (Ka.); ko_r.a = sprout (Kui.)ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te.)(DEDR 2242). kol.ake, kol.ke, the third crop of rice (Ka.); kolake, kol.ake (Tu.)(DEDR 2154)kolma = a paddy plant; kolma hor.o ‘ a variety of rice plant’ (Santali.lex.) [kural = corn-ear (Ta.)] Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.
Side c has two birds, two trees ligatured to a boat, two ox-hide ingots infixed in the central hut on the boat
Two birds (quails), two palm trees, two oxhide ingots:
barea 'two' Rebus: barea 'merchant'
Hieroglyph: boat: kola 'boat'; rebus: kol 'pancaloha, alloy of five metals'; bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagala_ (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.); rebus: ban:gala = a portable stove (Te.) = kumpat.i = an:ga_ra s'akat.i_ = a chafing dish, a portable stove, a goldsmith's portable furnace (Te.) cf. ban:ga_ru, ban:ga_ramu 'gold' (Te.) kola - boat; ko_l 'raft, float' (Ka.); ko_lamu = a boat (Te.); ko_l = a raft, a float Ka.); kola = boat (Skt.); rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'
bhāṭoi 'quail' (Oriya) Rebus: bat.a = a kind of iron (G.lex.) bhat.a = a furnace, a kiln; it.a bhat.a a brick kiln (Santali)
tamar 'palm' (Hebrew) Rebus: tamba 'copper' (Santali)
Side c gharial + fish
karA 'crocodile' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)
Hieroglyph which might have been deployed to signify bun ingots:
Hieroglyphs which were deployed in the Indus Script Corpora are presented as follows, based on a rebus-metonymy-layered (Indus Script Cipher) reading of specific examples of inscriptions:
Bun ingots of a Bronze Age shipwreck found off Devon coast. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/4764
A hoard of copper bun ingots discovered at the late Umm an-ar site of Maysar in northern Oman (Weisgerber 1981: Abb.39). Similar ingots have been found at third millennium sites from Syria to the Indus valley, and many have come from ‘Magan’ (see Weeks 2003, 2007). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/meluhha-metallurgy-and-hieroglyphs_8.html
Tin bun ingot. Late Bronze Age, 10th-9th century B.C.E. Salcombe shipwreck, 300 yards off the South Devon coast, England, 2009.
Stamp seal from Susa , at Louvre Museum. “Susa is one of the oldest known settlements of the world, possibly founded about 4200 BC, although the first traces of an inhabited village have been dated to ca. 7000 BCE. The seal depicts two goat-antelopes head to tail, outside an oval.”
kid (goat) PLUS ingot: karaḍū 'kid (goat)' is a determinative of the orthography of hard alloy ingot: karaḍa d.ha_l.ako = hard metal alloy, large metal ingot (Gujarati)
करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'
Chanhu-daro Seal with hieroglyhs: oval shape (Dab, 'ingot') PLUS goat: Dab 'cast metal ingot' PLUS milakkhu, 'copper'
Chanhu-daro Seal obverse and reverse. The oval sign of this Jhukar culture seal is comparable to other inscriptions. Fig. 1 and 1a of Plate L. After Mackay, 1943. The hieroglyphs of the seal relate representations of bun ingots to two orthographic representations of ‘antelopes’: one is shown walking, the other is shown with head turned backwards. A flower is shown, perhaps, a representation of tabernae Montana.
Lozenge or oval geometrical design as on Chanhudaro seal might have signified the gloss: Dab.
Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali)
(language union of ancient phonetic variants of glosses of present-day Indian languages.)
Hypertexts of Indus Script are rendered in rebus-metonymy Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) cipher using hieroglyph-multiplexes.
The deciphered plain texts in Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) signify blacksmith, metalwork in a smithy-forge in the following examples from Indus Script Corpora.
Merchant blacksmith boat supercargo -- iron, alloy (oxhide type) metal ingots, large ingots from smithy-forge furnace
m1429 prism tablet. Boat glyph as a Sarasvati hieroglyph on a tablet.Three sided molded tablet. Side c shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On side b is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The side a has eight glyphs of the Indus script.
The hieroglyphs are: side a: eight sign glyphs including: body, rim of jar, two ingots, rim of jar, fish, three, graft infix ligature in ingot.side b: boat, two trees, two birds; side b: gharial (alligator), fish; Boat: kolam; rebus: kolami 'furnace'
Side a has a two-part text message:
Part 1 Part 2
Part 1 Part 1 (l. to r.): merchant -- large iron ingots
Body (of person): meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' Alternative: komor, kombor 'body' (Munda etyma); rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali)
Rim of jar: kan.d. kan-ka (karNaka 'rim of jar'); Rebus 1: khaNDa 'metal implements' karNI 'supercargo' karNika 'scribe'; Rebus 2: kand. 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali); kan- 'copper' (Ta.); Rebus 3: karava 'narrow-necked jar' Rebus 4: kharava 'nidhi, wealth'; karba 'iron' (Tulu) Rebus 5: karavi, karuvu 'embossed work, mould'.
Two ingots: Allograph: d.ha_l = a shield, a buckler; the grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments; the standard or banner of a chieftain; a flag flying on a fort (Gujarati); rebus: d.ha_l.ako = large metal ingot (Gujarati) barea 'two'; rebus: barea 'merchant' (Santali)
Part 2 Part 2 (l. to r.) Smithy, large ayas (metal) ingots supercargo
Rim of jar: kan.d. kan-ka; rebus: kand. 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali); kan- 'copper' (Ta.) karNI 'supercargo'
Fish: aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) Alternative: kolli 'fish'; rebus: kol 'pancaloha, alloy of five metals' (Ta.)
Three (linear strokes): kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Alternative: t.ebra 'three'; ta(m)bra 'copper'
Hieroglyph of rice plant or sprout and as component in hieroglyph-multiplexes: kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree; kolom ul = grafted mango; kolom gocena = the cutting has died; kolom kat.hi hor.o = a certain variety of the paddy plant (Santali); kolom (B.); kolom mit = to engraft; kolom porena = the cutting has struck root; kolom kat.hi = a reed pen (Santali.lex.) ku_l.e stump (Ka.) [ku_li = paddy (Pe.)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur.) ko_li = stubble of jo_l.a (Ka.); ko_r.a = sprout (Kui.)ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te.)(DEDR 2242). kol.ake, kol.ke, the third crop of rice (Ka.); kolake, kol.ake (Tu.)(DEDR 2154)kolma = a paddy plant; kolma hor.o ‘ a variety of rice plant’ (Santali.lex.) [kural = corn-ear (Ta.)] Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.
Seal impression from Harappa; a person (warrior with two bun hairstyle) is carrying a kolom 'graft' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS bhaTa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus smithy-forge (with) furnace.
2949 Dotted circles, three kolom (grafts) 2950 four kolom (grafts) Rojdi [potsherd with two kolom (grafts)]
The history of the maritime people, metal workers -- Bharatam Janam -, has yet to be fully narrated as they transited from neolithic to the metals phase of civilization. The first step could be to unravel the essential unity of the linguistic area of 3300 BCE which is the date of the first inscription found at Harappa, showing kolom 'graft'; kolami 'smithy, forge' attesting to a writing system which became a necessity in the context of the bronze age trade networks.
Inscribed Ravi sherd (1998 find at Harappa: Kenoyer and Meadow); the sherd contains the same sign (ca. 3300 BC).http://www.harappa.com Slide 124
ढाळा [ ḍhāḷā ] m A small leafy branch, sprig. rebus: d.ha_l.ako 'ingot'
ढाळा (p. 356) [ ḍhāḷā ] A plant of gram, sometimes of वाटाणा, or of लांक. ढाळी [ ḍhāḷī ] f A branch or bough.(Marathi) Rebus: ढाळ [ ḍhāḷa Cast, mould, form (as of metal vessels, trinkets &c.) (Marathi) Thus, the infixed hieroglyph 'sprig' may be a semantic determinative of the 'oval' hieroglyph which signifies d.ha_l.ako 'ingot'
The eighth (last glyph) from l. is: kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree; kolom ul = grafted mango; kolom gocena = the cutting has died; kolom kat.hi hor.o = a certain variety of the paddy plant (Santali); kolom (B.); kolom mit = to engraft; kolom porena = the cutting has struck root; kolom kat.hi = a reed pen (Santali.lex.) ku_l.e stump (Ka.) [ku_li = paddy (Pe.)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur.) ko_li = stubble of jo_l.a (Ka.); ko_r.a = sprout (Kui.)ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te.)(DEDR 2242). kol.ake, kol.ke, the third crop of rice (Ka.); kolake, kol.ake (Tu.)(DEDR 2154)kolma = a paddy plant; kolma hor.o ‘ a variety of rice plant’ (Santali.lex.) [kural = corn-ear (Ta.)] Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.
Side c has two birds, two trees ligatured to a boat, two ox-hide ingots infixed in the central hut on the boat
Two birds (quails), two palm trees, two oxhide ingots:
barea 'two' Rebus: barea 'merchant'
Hieroglyph: boat: kola 'boat'; rebus: kol 'pancaloha, alloy of five metals'; bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagala_ (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.); rebus: ban:gala = a portable stove (Te.) = kumpat.i = an:ga_ra s'akat.i_ = a chafing dish, a portable stove, a goldsmith's portable furnace (Te.) cf. ban:ga_ru, ban:ga_ramu 'gold' (Te.) kola - boat; ko_l 'raft, float' (Ka.); ko_lamu = a boat (Te.); ko_l = a raft, a float Ka.); kola = boat (Skt.); rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'
bhāṭoi 'quail' (Oriya) Rebus: bat.a = a kind of iron (G.lex.) bhat.a = a furnace, a kiln; it.a bhat.a a brick kiln (Santali)
tamar 'palm' (Hebrew) Rebus: tamba 'copper' (Santali)
Side c gharial + fish
karA 'crocodile' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)
Hieroglyph which might have been deployed to signify bun ingots:
Hieroglyphs which were deployed in the Indus Script Corpora are presented as follows, based on a rebus-metonymy-layered (Indus Script Cipher) reading of specific examples of inscriptions:
Bun ingots of a Bronze Age shipwreck found off Devon coast. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/4764
A hoard of copper bun ingots discovered at the late Umm an-ar site of Maysar in northern Oman (Weisgerber 1981: Abb.39). Similar ingots have been found at third millennium sites from Syria to the Indus valley, and many have come from ‘Magan’ (see Weeks 2003, 2007). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/meluhha-metallurgy-and-hieroglyphs_8.html
Tin bun ingot. Late Bronze Age, 10th-9th century B.C.E. Salcombe shipwreck, 300 yards off the South Devon coast, England, 2009.
Stamp seal from Susa , at Louvre Museum. “Susa is one of the oldest known settlements of the world, possibly founded about 4200 BC, although the first traces of an inhabited village have been dated to ca. 7000 BCE. The seal depicts two goat-antelopes head to tail, outside an oval.”
kid (goat) PLUS ingot: karaḍū 'kid (goat)' is a determinative of the orthography of hard alloy ingot: karaḍa d.ha_l.ako = hard metal alloy, large metal ingot (Gujarati)
करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'
Chanhu-daro Seal with hieroglyhs: oval shape (Dab, 'ingot') PLUS goat: Dab 'cast metal ingot' PLUS milakkhu, 'copper'
Chanhu-daro Seal obverse and reverse. The oval sign of this Jhukar culture seal is comparable to other inscriptions. Fig. 1 and 1a of Plate L. After Mackay, 1943. The hieroglyphs of the seal relate representations of bun ingots to two orthographic representations of ‘antelopes’: one is shown walking, the other is shown with head turned backwards. A flower is shown, perhaps, a representation of tabernae Montana.
Lozenge or oval geometrical design as on Chanhudaro seal might have signified the gloss: Dab.
Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali)
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Introducción al libro Concurso de Ensayos ANSEA. Compilación de Ensayos Galardonados 2013-2014
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This is the true story if the boat burial No. 2 at Viet Khe: In 1961, the first wooden tree trunk burials were found by chance in Vietnam at the small village Viet Khe near Hai Phong. An excavation report was quickly published in 1965 in... more
This is the true story if the boat burial No. 2 at Viet Khe:
In 1961, the first wooden tree trunk burials were found by chance in Vietnam at the small village Viet Khe near Hai Phong. An excavation report was quickly published in 1965 in Vietnamese language. One of the five discovered burials (No. 2) contained more than 100 offerings, mostly bronze objects, and belong to the richest equipped prehistorical burials in Southeast Asia. The remaining burials should have contained not a single offering. Therefore, this site was also seen as very impressive example for strong social differences during the early Dong Son culture in Northern Vietnam. A sample of the wooden coffin was radiocarbon dated in the 1970ies, and the result was one of the strongest arguments for the early beginning of the Dong Son culture around 500 BC or even earlier.
The author visited Viet Khe in 2013 and talked with eyewitnesses of the excavation in 1961. They told another, much more likely story from the discovery of these 5 burials, which were heavely looted before burial No. 2 was saved.
Besides, some arguments were given for a younger date of this rich burial fro Viet Khe.
In 1961, the first wooden tree trunk burials were found by chance in Vietnam at the small village Viet Khe near Hai Phong. An excavation report was quickly published in 1965 in Vietnamese language. One of the five discovered burials (No. 2) contained more than 100 offerings, mostly bronze objects, and belong to the richest equipped prehistorical burials in Southeast Asia. The remaining burials should have contained not a single offering. Therefore, this site was also seen as very impressive example for strong social differences during the early Dong Son culture in Northern Vietnam. A sample of the wooden coffin was radiocarbon dated in the 1970ies, and the result was one of the strongest arguments for the early beginning of the Dong Son culture around 500 BC or even earlier.
The author visited Viet Khe in 2013 and talked with eyewitnesses of the excavation in 1961. They told another, much more likely story from the discovery of these 5 burials, which were heavely looted before burial No. 2 was saved.
Besides, some arguments were given for a younger date of this rich burial fro Viet Khe.
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This paper will measure the cost and profitability of Free Comic Book Day 2014 for participating retailers in Singapore – namely Atom Comics, GnB Comics, Invasion! Toys and Collectables, and the Kinokuniya book store chain. The... more
This paper will measure the cost and profitability of Free Comic Book Day 2014 for participating retailers in Singapore – namely Atom Comics, GnB Comics, Invasion! Toys and Collectables, and the Kinokuniya book store chain. The information gathered measures trends in advertising activities, FCBD profitability, estimations concerning the regular to new customer ratio, number of comics given away, and other promotional activities. It will also include observations from retailers concerning the financial and non-financial costs and benefits of the event.
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Research Interests: Gender Studies, Anthropology, Southeast Asian Studies, Thai Studies, Social and Cultural Anthropology, and 12 moreRitual, Indonesian Studies, Gender and Sexuality, Magic, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Thailand, Magic and the Occult (Anthropology Of Religion), Popular religion, Spirit mediumship, Charismatic Christianity, and Anthropology of Religion
This conference will be held in Lima, Peru, on 16-17 November 2015. The aim is to bring together media anthropologists and other media and communication scholars and researchers from across the Pacific region ( i.e. East and Southeast... more
This conference will be held in Lima, Peru, on 16-17 November 2015. The aim is to bring together media anthropologists and other media and communication scholars and researchers from across the Pacific region ( i.e. East and Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific islands, and Pacific countries in the Americas) to share their current research, compare and contrast findings, and discuss possible research collaborations and funding bids. The conference will also serve to launch a new interdisciplinary network: the Trans-Pacific Media Research Network. The best papers will be published in an invited special issue of the international journal Media, Culture and Society under the conference theme
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This study examines the dynamics and outcomes of movements by indigenous communities which targeted an agro-industrial investment demanding remedy to adverse impacts on their socio-economic conditions. Since the employment of initial... more
This study examines the dynamics and outcomes of movements by indigenous communities which targeted an agro-industrial investment demanding remedy to adverse impacts on their socio-economic conditions. Since the employment of initial institutional tactics, such as peaceful protests and petitions, yielded no significant outcomes, the indigenous communities escalated their tactics to non-institutional tactics: violent protests. To respond, the government chose a combination of partial repression and moderate concession. To address the government responses as well as the demands of indigenous communities, the company mitigated most of the adverse socio-economic impacts. As a result, the indigenous communities were able to achieve most of their demands. This paper, therefore, concludes by arguing that tactical escalation of indigenous community movements from institutional to non-institutional tactics influences the government and company to address the demands of indigenous communities, and also shapes the behavior of the company operating in a host country with lax and uncertain regulatory enforcement.