Medical Sciences

Pharmacovigilance is an important and integral part of clinical research. Despite its 40 years history, pharmacovigilance remains a dynamic clinical and scientific discipline. It continues to play a crucial role in meeting the challenges posed by the ever increasing range and potency of medicines. When adverse effects and toxicity do appear especially, when previously unknown, it is essential that these are reported, analysed and their significance communicated effectively to an audience that has the knowledge to interpret the information, which carry an inevitable and some for all medicines there is a trade-off between the benefits and the potential for harm. The harm can be minimized by ensuring that medicines of good quality, safety and efficacy are used rationally and that the expectations and concerns of the patient are taken into account when therapeutic decisions are made. Taking medicines and prescribing them are among the commonest of activities of people who are unwell and of those who care for them. It makes sense that those medicines should be monitored to equally demanding standards as those evident in the development and evaluation of drugs and that prescribing habits and the extent of rational and cost-effective use should be reviewed. Responsibility for the holistic approach to drug safety that is encompassed in the science and practice of pharmacovigilance as reflected in this article has to be shared if ideal practice is to be achieved. The scientists, clinicians, pharmaceutical manufacturers, drug developers, regulators, public policy makers, patients and the general public all have their own complementary roles in achieving what is envisaged.

In last few years for developing new chemical moiety or drug more time and more money is required. Also more energy is required to investigate the new molecule and to study its in-vitro analysis. A lot of time is been invested in study of pharmacokinetic parameters in the body. It includes study of absorption, distribution, metabolisam and excerition. Dissolution study is important for in-vitro analysis of data or release of drug in the formulation and by using blood sampling and urine analysis in-vivo study is carried out. But this method requires much more time for analyzing data. Now we can save our time, money and energy by using a new pharmacoscintigraphic technique. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of newly investigated drug is carried out by using pharmacoscintigraphic technique. If any dosage form is administered by the body by any intended route then this body is scanned under gamma cameras and thus it can give whole information about rate,extent,site and mode of drug release. A new drug delivery systems are also evaluated by pharmacoscintigraphic technique.

To investigate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of dental personnel in Kanpur city, (U.P), India towads bio-medical waste disposal management in dentistry. A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a period of 3 months from November 2012 to Jan 2013 A pre-tested Self administerred questionnaire was given to a total number of 423 dental personnel includes Faculty ,Post graduate students, Interns, Under graduate clinical students of a teaching institute and Private Practitioners in Kanpur city,India . A total of 406 dental personnel, including 41Faculty, 36 post graduate students, 93 interns, 149 Clinical under graduate students and 87 Private practioners participated in the study.Statistics was analysed by Dichotomisation analysis. All the dental personnel required to undergo continuing training programme on bio-medical waste management.

The Larvicidal Activity of Methanol extract and fractions of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) was evaluated on larvae ofAnopheles gambiae. The seeds were macerated in 100% redistilled n-hexane for 24 hours to extract the oil, then in 100% redistilled methanol for 72hours, filtered and concentrated to dryness. The methanol crude extract of M. fragrans seeds exhibited % mortalities range of 30.00 + 0.00 -100+0.00 and LC50 of 0.02 mg/mL. N-hexane fraction of M. fragrans seeds was equally as active fraction with % mortalities range of 25+ 1.00-100+0.00 and LC50 of 0.02mg/mL. The reference compound Nicotine had %mortality range of 15.00+ 0.00 – 100.00+0.00 with LC50 of 0.04mg/mL.

Radiation is present everywhere; it is in every atom of nature. Air, water, light, soil, there is nowhere at which radiation isn’t present. It is omnipresent. If there were no radiation in air, it would never blow; if there were no radiation in water, it would never blow; if there were no radiation in light, the sun would never glow; if there were no radiation in soil, nothing would ever grow. Land would never have become so much fertile and inhabitable, and be a home place to so many creatures. It’s not an absurd thing to state that we are also a part of nature and the glow of energy of radiation is inside us as well. This perspective of understanding the human being is far better than the materialistic world.

In the New York Times, psychologist Lisa Feldman Barrett argues that "Psychology is Not in Crisis." She is responding to the results of a large-scale initiative called the Reproducibility Project, published in Science magazine, which appeared to show that the findings from over 60 percent of a sample of 100 psychology studies did not hold up when independent labs attempted to replicate them. She argues that "the failure to replicate is not a cause for alarm; in fact, it is a normal part of how science works." But she's making a pretty big assumption here, which is that the studies we're interested in are "well-designed" and "carefully run." A major reason for the so-called "crisis" in psychology, however, is the fact that a very large number of not-well-designed, and not-carefully-run studies have been making it through peer review for decades.

Is There a Link Between Bacteria and Colon Cancer?

A recent medical study published online by the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences released results of a study about a possible link between the biofilm and colon polyps and cancers. The presence of these biofilms may represent an increased likelihood of colon cancer and could offer a new way to predict a person's risk for the disease.

At this time, colonoscopies are considered the "gold standard" for colon cancer detection. The Third Eye® colonoscopy, which is used by the doctors at the Colonoscopy Center of Excellence, takes the traditional colonoscopy a step further with this enhanced device. The Third Eye® detects 23% more precancerous polyps than with the traditional colonoscope. The physicians at the Colonoscopy Center of Excellence are recognized as some of the most advanced diagnosticians, and the research conducted with biofilm is the type of study they would monitor.

Biofilm and Colon Cancer Polyps

The study revealed the risk of developing colon cancer may be five times higher in people with biofilms compared to those with no biofilms. These biofilms are known to coat the mucus layer of cells lining the colon, where they can cause inflammation and some noncancerous bowel diseases.

The scope of research entailed examination of healthy and cancerous tissue from biopsied tissue from approximately 120 people. Results indicated biofilms were present on 89 percent of tumors removed from the right side of the colon.

Only 12 percent of tumors from the left side of the colon had biofilms. At this time, the reasons for the difference between the right and left side of the colon are unknown according to the researchers of the study.

Conclusions

One of the researchers, Dr. Cynthia Sears, professor of medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, commented that it might be possible to develop a noninvasive test to detect biofilms. From there, they could possibly predict a person's risk of developing colon cancer. Most of these cancers develop over five to 10 years "and it's a disease that's curable if you diagnose it early," Sears said.

Schedule a Colon Cancer Screening Today

The physicians at the Colonoscopy Center of Excellence are recognized experts who are renowned for their expertise and advanced diagnostic capabilities. If you have questions about the colonoscopy procedure or want to schedule an appointment for yourself, please call the Colonoscopy Center of Excellence Los Angeles today at 888-397-7135.

Based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are widely used methods in medical diagnostic imaging and biological research. Clinical MRI has been restricted to imaging of protons for reasons of sensitivity. In recent years, hyperpolarization techniques have emerged that can increase the NMR signal by 10¬¬5 -106 orders of magnitude. The increased signal from hyperpolarized nuclei enables investigation of non-proton nuclei, and thus makes novel kinds of examinations possible, e.g., imaging of the lungs and respiratory airways after inhalation of hyperpolarized gas nuclei (129Xe, 13C, 3He).

Given that there are no records of cannibalism in Turkish history, and the impossibility of the existence of undetected cannibalism of the scale observed in the Fore, there must be a
different explanation for this high frequency. Sheep and cow brains are delicacies in Turkey, and certain popular restaurants (kelle paça) specialize in sheep brains and heads. The brains of sheep, cattle, pigs, primates, and other mammals are esteemed dietary items by people in many parts of the world, including the Middle East; north and central Africa; some Caribbean islands; central, south, and southeast Asia; Russia; Iceland; southern Europe; and North and Latin America.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the paranasal sinuses in patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Brain.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study of 118 patients referred for MRI of brain was done from April 2014 to September 2014. MRI Scan was done in 0.3 Tesla AIRIS VENTO HITACHI machine. The images were evaluated for presence of any abnormal findings in paranasal sinuses. A random probabilistic sampling was carried out.
Results: The sinuses were normal in MRI of 51 patients and abnormal in 67 patients comprising 43.44% and 56.56% respectively. The most common abnormality in paranasal
sinuses in performing Magnetic Resonance Imaging was mucosal thickening followed by polyp, cyst, mass and fluid level respectively. 50 of 67 (74.62%) positive PNS findings
observed as mucosal thickening while polyp was seen in 13 patients (28.35%). Similarly, both mass and fluid level was seen in 3 (4.47%). The chi-square test was used for statistical
analysis which showed no association between headache and abnormal sinus findings at 0.5% level of significance.
Conclusion: In this study of 118, incidental findings in paranasal sinuses were observed in 67 patients (56.77%); 50 of these patients (74.62%) had mucosal thickening. However, 3
patients (4.47%) demonstrated mass and thus required appropriate referral to other specialities. There was no association between the headache and the abnormal findings in the sinuses. However, it is the responsibility of the referring clinician to assess the clinical significance of the various findings, and refer the patient to the concerned speciality.
Keywords: Paranasal Sinus, MRI Findings, Maxillary Sinus, Headache