Earth Sciences

In order to describe general motions and matter in space, functions for angular velocity and density are assumed and denoted Avd, as an abbreviation. The framework provides a unified approach to motions at different scales. It is analysed how Avd enters and rules, in terms of results from equations, in field experiments and observations at Earth. Chaos may organize according to Avd, such that more order, Cosmos, appear in complex nonlinear dynamical systems. This reveals that Avd may be governing and that deterministic systems can be created without assuming boundaries and conditions for initial values and forces from outside. A mathematical model for the initiation of Logos (when a paper accelerates into a narrow circular orbit), was described, and denoted local implosion; Li. The theorem for dl, provides discrete solutions to a power law, and this is related to locations of satellites and moons.

Early in the Solar System’s history, energetic collisions of differentiated bodies affected the final composition of the terrestrial planets through partial destruction. Enstatite chondrites (EC) are the best candidates to represent the primordial terrestrial precursors as they present the most similar isotopic compositions to Earth. Here we report that collisional erosion of >15% of the early Earth’s mass can reconcile the remaining compositional differences between EC and the Earth. We base our demonstration on experimental melting of an EC composition at pressures between 1 bar and 25 GPa. At low pressures, the first silicate melts are highly enriched in incompatible elements Si, Al and Na, and depleted in Mg. Loss of proto-crusts through impacts raises the Earth’s Mg/Si ratio to its present value. To match all major element compositions, our model implies preferential loss of volatile lithophile elements and re-condensation of refractory lithophile elements after the impacts.

Soils buried under terrace fills have been widely used to date the construction of ancient agrarian terraces. The reliability of the obtained 14C dates entirely depends on the degree of preservation and isolation of the Ab horizons and on the amount of embedded older carbon. To assess these caveats we analysed 14 14C dates (11 on charred material and 3 on the bulk organic fraction) obtained from buried soils under Andalusi terrace fills in Ricote, Spain (AD 711-1492). The preservation of Ab horizons was assessed through bulk analyses (Particle Size Distribution–PSD, carbon analyses, Magnetic Susceptibility–Mag Sus) and multivariate statistics (Welch's Anova, Wilk's lambda, effect size and power tests). The effects of older carbon were quantified through the systematic dating of Ab horizons within the earliest terrace cluster of Ricote. Our results show that 1) Ab horizons were not disturbed nor mixed with the terrace fills above, 2) the dates determined from the bulk organic fraction were statistically significantly older than those provided by the charred material, probably due to the higher stability of the microcharcoal fraction, and 3) the earliest dates measured on charcoal clustered reliably around cal AD 989-1210, suggesting that the first Andalusi irrigated terraces of Ricote were built between the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 13th centuries AD.

The research was carried out to investigate the synthesis of silver nano particles. The silver nano
particles have wide tremendous application in the therapeutics, antimicrobials, diagnostics,
catalysis, micro-electronics and high sensitivity biomolecular detection.  Silver nano particles
grow in a single-step method, at room temperature, and with no addition of external energy. The
silver nanoparticles were synthesized from silver nitrate aqueous solution through a simple, eco-
friendly and cost effective course using the leaf broth of the Oscimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica
and Lawsonia Inermis (kadvi mehndi), therefore calling it green synthesis. 
The Synthesized AgNP was confirmed by sampling the aqueous component at different time
intervals and the absorption maxima was scanned by UV-Vis spectrometry and Particle Size
Distribution (PSD). Based on PSD, the particles were further characterized by Scanning Electron
Microscope. Synthesized AgNP was confirmed at 531,540and 543 nm. Among the total percentage
of size distribution, D-50 value, which is 50% size distribution, was taken into consideration,
where the size of the nanoparticle was established to 0.135µm. Further research is going on with
reference to the synthesized nanoparticles.

The word eco-friendly is actually derived from Ecosystem which is related to human beings and
their habits. The term eco-friendly means those steps which are friendly to our ecosystem and
environment, that do not hurt our earth’s health and wealth. Earth is the wonderful creation of god.
To save this beauty nature keeps balance among environmental components through ecosystem.
If it is disturbed in any case, it affects the health of the earth. Environment is our natural heritage,
and as a social creature it is the moral duty of every person to save this valuable property. So to
save this environment, we should be eco-friendly.
Basically environment is made up of biotic and abiotic components present around us. They all
maintain clean, balanced, perfect environment by keeping a proper balance and relation. Our
environment is a rich source of natural resources.

Hoping to improve Native American tribes’ access to climate science tools, a Michigan State University researcher will use a four-year $450,000 National Science Foundation grant to foster better relations between tribes and scientific organizations when dealing with climate change.

It is now evident, from glacier receding in Himalaya, ice melting in Arctic and Green Land, significant fluctuations in day and night temperatures, unprecedented monsoon vagaries that Climate change is a reality and Man needs to take urgent measures to contain its impact and save himself and Fauna-Fauna. The expected sea water rise, due to ice melting of Polar Regions, is bound to affect the long coastal corridors flanking the eastern and western parts of India. Unfortunately, in spite of many warnings by the Nature in the form of unprecedented spells of cloud bursts during non monsoon seasons of 2012 and 2013 no steps have been initiated to safe guard erosion of our coasts that are inhabited by millions of people. Since both the administrative channels and the political mind set are not tuned to take preventive measures it is essential for the earth system scientists to prepare land erosion, land subsidence, saline water ingression details in space and time using remote sensing and GIS techniques .In this exercise the earth scientists and space scientists should evolve strategies that can convincingly produce models showing how the coastal corridor can be affected with varied intensity and magnitude of sea water rise, in time and space. Specific details of the expected ill effects on the coastal segments of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Tamilnadu will be discussed along with proposed remedial measures to strengthen the wind and tide barriers in these areas.
Keywords
Coastal ecosystem Climate change GIS techniques Integrated environmental management Sea rise Ocean acidity Bio-diversity

The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill was detrimental to the prosperity of marine and wildlife habitats, as well as the fishing and tourism industry in the surrounding region. Oil spills can also indirectly affect the economies of countries outside the region, specifically through the spread of toxins harmful to aquatic life. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) with UV detection is developed and validated for the quantitative determination of pollutants in surface oil exposed to sunlight. Octanal, hexanal, and propionaldehyde are the three waste products targeted in this study. These aldehydes have specific negative impacts on marine wildlife, such as long term cardiotoxicity in fish and liver dysfunction in mammals. Because aldehydes and ketones are considered a waste product in aquatic environments, this long-term study was conducted to identify and quantify the formation of aldehydes in emulsified crude oil and seawater by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solar simulation. Oil samples collected from BP’s Surrogate Macondo Well were irradiated by solar simulator over six, twelve, and eighteen hour periods. The aqueous solution from beneath the oil was then pulled, derivatized with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection to be compared to the standard chromatograms generated for propionaldehyde, octanal, and hexanal. Chromatogram results from the eighteen hour irradiated BP Surrogate oil indicated that aldehydes were present after exposure to sunlight, and within the range of the aldehyde standards used based on their carbon chains. The procedure developed in this research will allow EPA and bioremediation organizations to identify toxins forming as photoproducts in an oil spill, and treat affected marine ecosystems accordingly.