History

Bu yazının başlığıyla muhtevası problemli gibi görüneceğinden,
maksadımızın Köprülü’nün tahrir defteri görüp görmediği meselesini
sorgulamak olmadığını bu başlığın kullanılmasının bir ironi olduğunu baştan
söylemeliyiz. Burada yapılmak istenen, Kültür Bakanlığı “Anma ve
Armağan Kitaplar” dizisinin 43 numaralı yayını, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü1
kitabının tanıtımı ve eleştirisidir.

Dans cet article l’auteur revient sur l’idée de Durkheim de saisir le socialisme en tant que fait social à la lumière des acquis de l’histoire sociale et de l’histoire des discours politique à un siècle de distance. En particulier, l'article vise à mettre en évidence l'importance des liens entre l'émergence du socialisme et le déploiement du conflit social propre aux sociétés démocratiques. Si le socialisme, comme le soutient Durkheim, est issu de la Révolution française, il faut analyser la question cruciale que la Révolution pose: la nécessité d'une articulation nouvelle entre cadre juridico-politique et espace social. Le socialisme peut se définir comme un ensemble de projets qui conçoivent cette articulation de manière à réduire les possibilités de domination socio-économique. L'article le démontre en se concentrant sur la période germinale du socialisme, les décennies qui vont de la mort de Saint-Simon à la révolution de 1848.

In this article, the author reexamines Durkheim’s conception of Socialism as a social fact in the light of the achievements reached in the fields of social history and political discourses history during the 20th century. In particular, the article underlines the importance of the links between the emergence of Socialism and the deployment of the social conflict in democratic societies. If Socialism, as Durkheim argues, is the result of French Revolution, one must analyze the crucial question that this evolution arises: the necessity of a new articulation between legal-political framework and social space. From this perspective, Socialism can be defined as a set of projects where this articulation is designed to reduce any potential socio-economic dominations. The article develops this thesis by focusing on the germinal period of Socialism, the decades between Saint-Simon’s death and 1848 revolution.

In questo articolo l’autore riesamina la concezione durkheimiana del socialismo come fatto sociale alla luce delle ricerche novecentesche nel campo della storia sociale e della storia dei discorsi politici. In particolare, l’articolo sottolinea l’importanza dei legami fra l’emergere del socialismo e il dispiegamento del conflitto sociale nelle società democratiche. Se il socialismo, come sostiene Durkheim, nasce dalla Rivoluzione francese, si deve considerare la questione cruciale che la Rivoluzione pone: la necessità di una nuova articolazione fra quadro giuridico-politico e spazio sociale. In questa prospettiva, il socialismo può essere definito come un insieme di progetti in cui questa articolazione è concepita per ridurre ogni potenziale dominazione socio-economica. L’articolo sviluppa questa tesi concentrandosi sul periodo germinale del socialismo, ovvero i decenni fra la morte di Saint-Simon e la rivoluzione del 1848.

More than 50 years ago, pioneering scientists and engineers in the Soviet Union and the United States searched for a technical means of defense against deadly ballistic missiles. In Intercept 1961 Mike Gruntman tells the story, little-known even to experts, of the earliest breakthroughs which paved the way for the emergence of a powerful missile defense complex in the Soviet Union, a major factor in the Cold War. On March 4, 1961, a Soviet guided missile performed the first nonnuclear intercept of an intermediate range ballistic missile at the Saryshagan test site in the Kazakhstan desert when it destroyed an approaching warhead. This spectacular achievement followed earlier intercepts by the United States Army of several shorter range missiles. Mike Gruntman describes the birth of Soviet air and missile defense systems and their technical challenges. The new field also led to the emergence of monitoring space objects in orbit, ballistic missile early warning, and antisatellite weapons. Ten years later, the first operational missile defense system was deployed to protect Moscow, its successor system remaining active today. Intercept 1961 is especially relevant today as the United States and other countries continue facing the eternal protect-or-avenge dilemma when balancing offensive capabilities against defensive protection. In an age of unstable governments, spreading weapons of mass destruction, and radical ideologies and terrorism, this historical background is critical for informed policy formulation, threat evaluation, defense planning, and counteracting the proliferation of weapons and sensitive technologies. It is a must read for students of history, scientists and engineers, analysts, and specialists in international relations and national security.