ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
Explicit instructions are often used to enhance performance on tests of divergent thinking. Previous research has not, however, compared explicit instructions which focus on criteria with those that focus on tactics. It is one thing to be... more
Explicit instructions are often used to enhance performance on tests of divergent thinking. Previous research has not, however, compared explicit instructions which focus on criteria with those that focus on tactics. It is one thing to be instructed to "be original" (one possible criterion) and quite another to be given procedures to find original ideas (e.g., "think of things that will be thought of by no one else"). The research reported in the present article was designed with that in mind. In addition to comparing the different types of instructions, it also compared college-students (N = 211) who received instructions which varied in the degree of explicitness of the applicable strategy. Regression analyses indicated that the procedural instructions had a more robust impact on divergent thinking than did the conceptual instructions. This difference was especially clear when the divergent thinking tests were scored for ideational originality. Implications for...
This study examined the roles of general mental ability and problem construction ability in predicting the quantity, quality and originality of opportunities.
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Previous research has examined the impact of the law on decisions made about social sexual interactions in the workplace in the context of a variety of individual difference variables including gender of the observer and sexist attitudes,... more
Previous research has examined the impact of the law on decisions made about social sexual interactions in the workplace in the context of a variety of individual difference variables including gender of the observer and sexist attitudes, as well as situational factors including legal standard and prior exposure to aggressive and submissive complainants. The current study continued this line of inquiry by testing whether hostile or benevolent sexist attitudes behaved differently under manipulated exposure to aggressive and submissive complainants. Full-time workers watched 1 videotape in which aggressive, submissive, or neutral (i.e., businesslike) women complained that male coworkers sexually harassed them; then, participants viewed a second complainant who always acted in a neutral behavioral tone. In the first case, participants high in hostile sexism who took a reasonable person perspective (but not those with a reasonable woman point of view) and all men who viewed an aggressiv...
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ABSTRACT Recent research suggests that individual difference variables that measure emotional reactions may be useful in understanding sexual harassment judgments. In the present study, 503 male and female working adults viewed two videos... more
ABSTRACT Recent research suggests that individual difference variables that measure emotional reactions may be useful in understanding sexual harassment judgments. In the present study, 503 male and female working adults viewed two videos of sexual harassment cases and were asked to make judgments about the nature of the behavior. Participants also completed measures of sexism and empathy. Results indicated that Perspective Taking (PT), a component of empathy, interacted with gender to explain judgments regarding sexual harassment. Contrary to expectations, PT did not eliminate the typical gender differences found, but rather magnified them.
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ABSTRACT Organizations are increasingly utilizing teams to develop creative solutions to solve problems. However, the generation of creative ideas alone may not be enough to ensure innovative solutions are implemented: teams must actively... more
ABSTRACT Organizations are increasingly utilizing teams to develop creative solutions to solve problems. However, the generation of creative ideas alone may not be enough to ensure innovative solutions are implemented: teams must actively and effectively evaluate ideas prior to selecting new products or solutions to solve a problem. We followed a model of idea evaluation and selection and examined the relationships between team solution evaluation accuracy and the accurate selection of optimal solutions to solve a problem. Teams read a realistic story problem, evaluated ten possible solutions for quality and originality, and selected the best solution to solve the problem. Findings indicate that team accuracy in solution quality evaluations relates to the accurate selection of a high quality solution, while team accuracy in solution originality evaluations relates to the accurate selection of a creative solution. Implications for theories of team idea evaluation and selection and research are presented.
Organizations increasingly rely on teams to solve problems creatively or design new products and services. Research to date has mostly focused on individual creativity, rather than team creativity. This paper introduces the Team... more
Organizations increasingly rely on teams to solve problems creatively or design new products and services. Research to date has mostly focused on individual creativity, rather than team creativity. This paper introduces the Team Creativity Model (TCM) to understand the antecedents of team creativity. TCM posits that both individual creativity and shared mental models (SMMs) contribute to team creativity. SMMs act as a mediator between knowledge sharing and team creativity. Antecedents to individual creativity include an individual's propensity to be creative and individual knowledge. Individual knowledge also is an antecedent to knowledge sharing, as are an individual's propensity to share knowledge and trust within the team. In an exploratory study at a telecom company, a team of design experts participating in four creative sessions provided initial support for the TCM constructs and their relationships. The findings suggest that further exploratory and empirical research on TCM is justified. Some tentative implications for research and practice are presented.
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Predicting the successful introduction of collaboration technologies has been a challenge for both researchers and practitioners. Prior research suggests that personality characteristics may represent antecedents to technology acceptance,... more
Predicting the successful introduction of collaboration technologies has been a challenge for both researchers and practitioners. Prior research suggests that personality characteristics may represent antecedents to technology acceptance, adoption, and sustained use. This study explored the influence of personality on technology transition. The Five Factor Model of personality and the Technology Transition Model (TTM) were used to test several hypotheses
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The first anniversary for older widows (n = 47) has been explored during Months 11, 12, and 13. Concurrent correlations show that optimism inversely correlates with psychological (intrusion and avoidance) stress as measured with the... more
The first anniversary for older widows (n = 47) has been explored during Months 11, 12, and 13. Concurrent correlations show that optimism inversely correlates with psychological (intrusion and avoidance) stress as measured with the Impact of Event Scale (r = -.52 to -.66, p < .005) and positively correlates with well-being (physical: r = .36 to .46, p < .025; psychosocial: r = .58 to .72, p < .005; spiritual: r = .50 to .69, p < .005). Lagged correlation patterns suggest that higher levels of optimism at a given time are associated with higher life satisfaction and spiritual well-being at later times. Psychological stress is higher at Month 12 when compared to Month 13, t(43) = 2.54, p = .01, but not when compared to Month 11, t(43) = 1.49, p > .10. There are no significant differences in physiologic stress (salivary cortisol) or well-being during the first anniversary of spousal bereavement.
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Effective teamwork facilitates collective learning, which is integral to safety culture. There are no rigorous evaluations of the impact of team training on the four components of safety culture-reporting, just, flexible and learning... more
Effective teamwork facilitates collective learning, which is integral to safety culture. There are no rigorous evaluations of the impact of team training on the four components of safety culture-reporting, just, flexible and learning cultures. We evaluated the impact of a year-long team training programme on safety culture in 24 hospitals using two theoretical frameworks. We used two quasi-experimental designs: a cross-sectional comparison of hospital survey on patient safety culture (HSOPS) results from an intervention group of 24 hospitals to a static group of 13 hospitals and a pre-post comparison of HSOPS results within intervention hospitals. Dependent variables were HSOPS items representing the four components of safety culture; independent variables were derived from items added to the HSOPS that measured the extent of team training, learning and transfer. We used a generalised linear mixed model approach to account for the correlated nature of the data. 59% of 2137 responden...
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ABSTRACT Modern organizations are increasingly relying on teams to solve problems and make decisions. In order to effectively utilize teams, it is important to understand the conditions in which the team can function most efficiently. One... more
ABSTRACT Modern organizations are increasingly relying on teams to solve problems and make decisions. In order to effectively utilize teams, it is important to understand the conditions in which the team can function most efficiently. One of the conditions required to make team work successful is to ensure that there is consensus among the team members about the decisions made. Organizations consider consensus-based decision-making to be important because it has the potential to increase commitment and enable the successful execution of strategies. There are various factors that can have a bearing on consensus decision-making. This study focuses on one such factor that may influence team consensus - shared mental models. Specifically, this study explored if shared mental models had a positive relationship with the consensus decision making in groups. Results show that teams with higher shared mental models reached higher levels of consensus. In addition, it was discovered that perceptions of fairness in the decision-making process was the greatest contributor to difference between groups&#39; shared mental model scores.
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... Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Richard L. Wiener, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, University of Nebraska at Lincoln ... As far back as 1998, JusticeAntonin Scalia declared that workplace context... more
... Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Richard L. Wiener, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, University of Nebraska at Lincoln ... As far back as 1998, JusticeAntonin Scalia declared that workplace context or, in the language of the law, the “totality of ...
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 8(2) of Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (see record 2014-17148-003). The editors neglected to mention that the Special Section was edited by... more
ABSTRACT [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 8(2) of Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (see record 2014-17148-003). The editors neglected to mention that the Special Section was edited by Jonathan Plucker. The editors regret this omission and wish to acknowledge Dr. Plucker’s contribution to the issue.] Provides an introduction to the new expanded issue of Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (PACA). To keep up with the increase in submissions and our ever-rising visibility, we have increased the journal’s pages by 25%, from 400 to 500 pages per volume. In this first issue of 2014, PACA makes the most of the additional pages by including a Special Section on Replications in Psychology. The special section centers around the target article, The Empirical March: Making Science Better at Self-Correction, by Matthew Makel, in which he characterizes the problem of lack of replications. Commentaries to Makel as well as a response from Jonathan Plucker and Makel are also provided. In addition there are 11 articles focusing on aesthetics, creativity and arts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
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This study addresses the issue of domain specificity within creativity by understanding the characteristics of creative tasks and how participants react to the task. Participants (N = 187) were given 1 of 3 realistic everyday problems to... more
This study addresses the issue of domain specificity within creativity by understanding the characteristics of creative tasks and how participants react to the task. Participants (N = 187) were given 1 of 3 realistic everyday problems to solve. The problems differed in terms of complexity, involvement, and problem-based efficacy. Problem solutions were evaluated on several measures of creativity. Results indicate
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