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8 ReferencesTowards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan
Abstract
Kazakhstan is currently one of the dynamically developing states in its region. The stable growth in all sectors of the economy leads to a corresponding increase in energy consumption. Thus country consumes significant amount of energy due to the highlevel of industrialisation and the presence of energy-intensive manufacturing such as mining and metallurgy which in turn leads to low energy efficiency. With allowance for this the government has set several priorities to adopt a transition of Republic of Kazakhstan to a “green economy”. This article provides an overview of Kazakhstan’s energy efficiency situation in for the period of 1991-2014. First, the dynamics of production and consumption of conventional energy resources are given. Second, the potential of renewable energy sources is summarised followed by the description of GHG emissions trends in the country. Third, Kazakhstan’ national initiatives, policies and locally implemented projects in the field of energy efficiency are described.
Abstract—Kazakhstan is currently one of the dynamically
developing states in its region. The stable growth in all sectors of the
economy leads to a corresponding increase in energy consumption.
Thus country consumes significant amount of energy due to the high
level of industrialisation and the presence of energy-intensive
manufacturing such as mining and metallurgy which in turn leads to
low energy efficiency. With allowance for this the Government has
set several priorities to adopt a transition of Republic of Kazakhstan
to a “green economy”. This article provides an overview of
Kazakhstan’s energy efficiency situation in for the period of 1991-
2014. First, the dynamics of production and consumption of
conventional energy resources are given. Second, the potential of
renewable energy sources is summarised followed by the description
of GHG emissions trends in the country. Third, Kazakhstan’ national
initiatives, policies and locally implemented projects in the field of
energy efficiency are described.
Keywords—Energy efficiency in Kazakhstan, greenhouse gases,
renewable energy, sustainable development.
I.INTRODUCTION
AZAKHSTAN, the ninth largest and the biggest
landlocked country in the world, is located in the centre
of Eurasian continent. In December 1991 it gained its
independence from the Soviet Union, and the transition period
was characterised by economic decline. Since 1992
Kazakhstan successfully adopted a national economic reform
aimed at establishing a free market economy through
supporting privatisation of state enterprises. However, the
main driving force of economic growth in the country was
foreign investments generally to oil and gas industries. Since
independence has Kazakhstan received more than 30 billion
US dollars of foreign direct investment.
Nowadays, Kazakhstan is a major producer and exporter of
coal, oil, gas, and uranium ore as well as the largest
greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter in the Central Asia region. The
domestic demand in energy, mostly in electricity, is rising in
the country. The major challenge and urgent need is to
diversify Kazakhstan’s energy base and reduce GHG
emissions by improving energy efficiency in all economy
sectors.
The country will benefit from implementing energy
A. Uyzbayeva is with the Intelligent Systems and Energy Efficiency
Laboratory of “Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation” PI, Astana,
010000, Kazakhstan (phone: +7-7172-70-92-76; e-mail:
aigerim.uyzbayeva@nu.edu.kz).
V. Tyo is with the Intelligent Systems and Energy Efficiency Laboratory of
“Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation” PI, Astana, 010000,
Kazakhstan (phone: +7-7172-70-64-45; e-mail: valeriya.tyo@nu.edu.kz).
N. Ibrayev is with the Intelligent Systems and Energy Efficiency
Laboratory of “Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation” PI, Astana,
010000, Kazakhstan (phone: +7-7172-70-92-64; e-mail:
nurlan.ibrayev@nu.edu.kz).
efficiency measures in many different ways. It will achieve
economic gains by decreasing of electricity and heat bills,
meet climate change targets by reducing GHG emissions,
create new jobs in green technologies and services, as well as
having a social impact by changing humans’ perception and
habits towards energy and planet conservation.
II.CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
Kazakhstan has a strong base of natural energy resources
such as coal, oil, gas, and uranium. The country possesses 3%
of the world’s raw materials. Although the country is rich in
energy resources, the energy production and consumption was
not high for a certain period of time. The common trend after
the declaration of independence from the former Soviet Union
in 1991, and as a result of economic crises, the development of
all industries in Kazakhstan was suspended. The production
together with consumption of energy sources vastly declined.
However, in the new century Kazakhstan managed to grow
faster than other post-Soviet countries and performed a steady
progress in many fields. In 2000-2005 the growth of GDP
output was about 10% per annum. Today, the economy of
Kazakhstan is 12% as energy intensive as Russian economy
and twice more intensive than OECD economy [1].
A.Coal
Central Asia’s largest recoverable coal reserves are
concentrated in Kazakhstan. According to BP Statistical
Review of World Energy the total number of proved coal
reserves in Kazakhstan is 33 600 million tonnes, which is
3,8% of total world’s reserves [2]. The country has more than
400 coal deposits of which a third is classified as brown coal
or lignite deposits. 64% of all reserves in Kazakhstan is
anthracite and bituminous and the remaining 34% - sub-
bituminous (lignite and brown coal). Most of the estimated
deposits are in Karaganda coal basin with 2 000 km2 carbon
coal-content area occupation and Ekibastuz coal basin with 63
km2 coal content sediments recovery. These basins are
responsible for nearly 95% of total coal production in the
country [3].
Fig. 1 Coal production and consumption (MToe) [2]
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COAL
Production
COAL
Consumption
Towards Achieving Energy Efficiency in Kazakhstan
Aigerim Uyzbayeva, Valeriya Tyo, Nurlan Ibrayev
K
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Fig. 1 shows coal production and consumption for the
period of 1991-2013. Since independence, Kazakhstan has
been characterized by economic decline, which affected all
industries. Due to the cut of subsidies and slow adaptation to
new economic conditions, coal production in Kazakhstan has
significantly dropped from 66,9 Mtoe in 1991 to 30,0 Mtoe in
1999. By 2000 many of coal mining enterprises were
restructured and largely privatised by foreign companies. As a
result of foreign investments and growing demand, the annual
coal production has progressively increased to 58,4 Mtoe in
2013. According to the Ministry of oil and gas of Kazakhstan
the country aims to produce 100 Mtoe by 2015 [4]. However,
with a new energy orientation under government consideration
towards renewable energy resources, the situation of coal
industry in Kazakhstan may change in the long-term outlook.
Similar to coal production the consumption index has fallen
to the minimum of 19,8 Mtoe in 1999 which is accounted for
52% of coal consumed in 1991 and 55% in 2013.
Approximately 30% of Kazakhstan’s coal production is
exported, mainly to Russia and Ukraine. 80% of electric
generating plants are coal-fired, including the largest power
generator, Ekibastuz No.1, located in north-central
Kazakhstan. Bogatyr Access Komir, LLP is the largest open
cast mining company in Kazakhstan.
B. Oil
The first oil was extracted in Kazakhstan on Karashungul
oilfield in November 1899. However industrial oil production
began since 1911 on Dossor (Atyrau region) oilfield.
Nowadays Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil producers in
the world and the second largest liquid fuels producer among
former Soviet Union republics [3]. By the end of 2013
Kazakhstan accounted for 3.9 million tonnes of both onshore
and offshore proven hydrocarbon reserves.
Fig. 2 Oil production and consumption (MToe) [2]
As shown in Fig. 2 a rapid increase of oil production in
Kazakhstan started in 1995 from 20,6 million tonnes and by
2013 the number has become four times greater. The driven
force for becoming Kazakhstan a strong oil actor on
international scene was signing several agreements with
transnational oil companies such as Chevron in 1993, Agip,
British gas and Gazprom in 1995 to exploit oil fields [4]. The
largest oil fields are Tengis and Karachaganak in north-west of
Kazakhstan are responsible for a nearly a third of total output.
Another significant project of Kazakhstan is a newly started
Kashagan oilfield, the fifth world’s largest in terms of
reserves, developed by North Caspian Operating Company in
2013 [5] is expected that Kazakhstan will continue enhancing
its leading position on international scene over the next decade
when Tengiz and Karachaganak oil fields will reach their peak
production [6].
Oil consumption is connected to economic activity,
consumption patterns, and conservation. In Kazakhstan oil
consumption declined throughout the decade after
independence (1991-2000) reaching a low of 7.0 million
tonnes in 1999. During the next 14 years, the number has been
doubled to 13,8 million tonnes. Considering the low demand,
significant quantities of oil are available for export.
Diverse export options and appropriate transportation
infrastructure are vital to ensure that Kazakhstan oil is sold at
competitive prices. In 1996 Kazakhstan, Russia, Oman and
foreign oil companies signed Caspian Pipeline Consortium
(CPC) and agreed on construction of oil pipeline with capacity
of 67 million metric tons on the route Tengiz-Tikhoretsk-
Novorossiysk to facilitate oil export. Current infrastructure
delivers Kazakhstan oil to world markets westward to the
Black Sea via pipelines and rail, northward to Russia via
pipeline and rail, southward through the Persian Gulf via
swaps with Iran, and eastward through China via rail [7].
C.Natural Gas
In Kazakhstan gas production is strongly associated with oil
production since most of natural gas exists along with
significant oil reserves. Kazakhstan’s biggest gas producing
fields are at the same time biggest oil producers. Less than 2%
of gas reserves are developed in the country.
Fig. 3 Gas production and consumption (MToe) [2]
According to BP estimates [2], Kazakhstan is being
increasing its gas production and consumption for the past 16
years. The estimates show that gas production more than
tripled since 1998 with 4,1 to 16,6 million tonnes in 2013, and
gas consumption more than doubled to 10,3 million tonnes by
the end of 2013. As mentioned above, most oil and gas located
in the West of Kazakhstan. In order to satisfy demand in the
southern part, Kazakhstan imports natural gas from
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
D.Uranium
During the times of the USSR, the territory of Kazakhstan
was used as a nuclear testing ground. The country was
responsible for uranium mining, reconversion and fuel pellet
production in the nuclear power cycle. After the USSR
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OIL
Production
OIL
Consumption
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5.0
10.0
15.0
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GAS
Production
GAS
Consumption
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dissolved, the country inherited the 4th world’s largest nuclear
arsenal [8]. According to the International Atomic Energy
Agency, uranium reserves in Kazakhstan actually amounts to
1,7 million tonnes which is close to 12% of the total volume of
the world uranium reserves [9]. About 80% of uranium
reserves in Kazakhstan are focused in sandstone-type deposits,
in water-saturated permeable rocks.
There are six uranium-ore provinces on Kazakhstan: Shu-
Sarysu (57,8%), North-Kazakhstan (16,4%), Syrdariya
(18,8%), Ili (4,5%), Caspian Sea Region (1,7%), and Balkhash
(0,8%). In total there are 54 explored deposits with uranium
reserves in Kazakhstan with 16 deposits under the
development and 38 deposits ready for use [10]. According to
World Nuclear Association, in 2009 Kazakhstan became the
world's leading uranium producer with almost 28% of world
production, then 38% in 2013 producing about 22,550 tonnes
[11].
E.Electricity Generation
According to the World Bank, there are 71 power plants in
Kazakhstan with the majority of combined heat and power
plants: 71,1% of all plants use coal and the remaining 28,9%
are divided between natural gas and hydroelectric power [12].
The total installed capacity is 18 GW, however, lack of
maintenance only about 14 GW are operational. 80% of the
total electricity is produced and 70% consumed by coalmine-
mouth power plants.
Fig. 4 Electricity generation (TWh) [2]
As shown in Fig. 4, total electricity generation decreased by
45% between 1991 and 1999 with the only 47,3 terawatt-hours
in 1999. After 2000, the production of electricity grew.
In addition to coal, oil, and gas, electricity covers
generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave
energy, as well as combustible renewables and waste. Given
the progressive development of the economy, introduction of
energy-saving and energy technologies, the development of
alternative energy become the urgent issues. The energy
saving potential amounts to USD 3 to 4 billion per year, which
is likely to reach USD 6 to 10 billion per year by 2030 [13].
III.RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Nowadays, most of the developing and developed countries
are expressing concerns regarding the environmental impact of
the electricity production from traditional sources of energy
such as coal, oil and gas. As it has been described before
Kazakhstan has a vast amount of fossil fuel preserves which
could last for the next 500 years. However, as much as fossil
fuels there is a good potential for alternative energy sources in
Kazakhstan. According to the United Nations Developing
Programme (UNDP) Kazakhstan has a great potential both for
wind and solar energy technologies development.
A.Wind Energy
According to the report [14] around half of Kazakhstan’s
territory has average wind speed about 4-5 m/sec at a height of
30m. UNDP/GEF together with the Government of
Kazakhstan has implemented a joint project “Kazakhstan –
wind power market development initiative”. Feasibility studies
of wind energy development which included meteorological
mast installation and measuring at a height of 30-80 meters
over minimum of one year have been done. On the basis of the
study several potential sites for wind energy development
have been identified and put into a wind atlas. It could be
observed from the wind atlas [15] that the wind speed in
Kazakhstan at 80 m height reaches more than 6m/sec which
makes it very attractive for technology development.
There are eight sites have been identified which have a
sufficient potential for wind energy development: Astana,
Arkalyk, Ermentau, Fort Schevchenko, Karabatan,
Karkaralinsk, Kordai, Zhuzumdyk. Amongst mentioned sites
Kordai site has been implemented already and opened in 2011.
The power capacity is 1.5MW. Currently, there is another
wind farm under development locating at Erementau with the
power capacity of 45MW.
In accordance with the Law “On support of renewable
energy” the Plan of projected renewable energy objects layout
have been developed and approved.
B.Solar Energy
Despite the fact that Kazakhstan is located in the northern
latitudes, the county’s potential of solar radiation is significant
and accounts for 1.3-1.8 MW/h at 1 m2 per year [16]. At the
same time solar energy could be used not only for power
generation, but heating as well, which causes the possibility of
introducing solar installations including areas remote from the
main electricity and heat supply. The average annual sunshine
duration in Kazakhstan varies from 2000 to 3000 hours per
year [17], [18]. For instance, in the very north cities of the
country like Petropavlovsk sunshine hours amounts to 2132,
and in the very south city Turkmenistan it reaches up to 3062
hours per year consequently. Such values could be described
not only due to the latitude of southern Kazakhstan, but also
the absence of cloudiness in warmer months.
Kazakhstan refers to the countries with the favourable
conditions for solar energy development. However, while the
cost of conventional electricity is relatively low, solar power
plants will not be able to enter this energy market. Currently,
with the support of the Government there has been developed
a production line of PV modules using local Kazakhstani
silicon. The fact that Kazakhstan intended to have its own
plant on solar panel production was known already in 2010, a
long before the EXPO-2017 host country was selected.
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2007
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Together with the Law “On renewable energy support” and
the course set by the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan
Nazarbayev “Future Energy” it was drawn a lot of attention to
the renewable energy development projects in the country.
At the moment several pilot PV plants are operating, the
first one locates near former capital Almaty, in Kapchagai
region. The installed capacity of the PV plant is 2MW and it
powers up to 600 households. The next PV plant locates near
Kyzylorda city, in Kordai region with the installed capacity of
504kW and it supplies around 200 households. It is projected
that the solar power plant with the power capacity of 50MW
will be constructed in Zhambul, Zhualy region by the end of
2014. Beside, another pilot project will be implemented in
Zhambyl region with the total power of 24MW [19]. It is
expected that all these projects would help the country to
transit to “green economy” and meet the set targets to reach
0.1% by 2015 and reduce CO2 emissions.
C.Hydro Energy
Hydro power plant is believed to be the safest and at the
same time environmentally friendly way of energy generation.
The availability of generating capacity is also important from
the view that they don’t depend on the price of oil and gas.
Moreover, as well as reducing CO2 emissions, hydroplants
could be used for water supply and flood control [20]. It
should be noted that the global experience shows the trends of
maximum hydro development even in the presence of other
energy sources. Learning from the experience of other
countries, such as Norway, which has a very large natural gas
reserves but widely uses hydroplants, or Canada which is also
actively utilizes hydro energy.
Due to the presence of mountain terrain in southern and
eastern part of the country, Kazakhstan has a significant
hydroelectric potential. Hydropower potential is used in
several large and medium hydropower plants (HPP) such as
Bukhtarma HPP, Ust-Kamenogorsk HPP and Shulbin HPP on
Irtysh River, Kapchagai HPP on Ile River, Chardarinskaya
HPP on Syrdarya and Moinak HPP on Charyn River.
The installed capacity of major hydropower stations in
Kazakhstan is summarized in Table I. Together with the mini
hydro plants the total installed capacity accounts for
2350.16MW [21].
TABLE I
MAJOR HYDRO POWER PLANTS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Name of HPP Installed capacity (MW) Million Kwh per year
Shulbinskaya
Moinakskaya
Bukhtarminskaya
Kapchagaiskaya
Ust-Kamenagorskaya
Shardarinskaya
Total
702
300
675
364
331.2
100
2472.2
1660
1 270
2 600
972
1520
300
8322
The stations shown in Table I cover 10% of electricity
demand of the country. However, together with the other
alternative energy sources it accounts only for 0.5% of total
energy consumption.
Fig. 5 Hydroelectricity consumption in Kazakhstan since 1985 [2]
D.Geothermal Energy
The concept of “Strategy of sustainable energy of future
Kazakhstan till 2050” assumes the broad use of geothermal
sources for energy generation. According to the concept, it is
expected to begin widespread use of subsurface heat due to
geothermal water wells penetrated in various regions in
Kazakhstan. The potential of geothermal sources estimated to
be 520MW without using heat pumps or 4300 MW when
using heat pumps respectively [22]. Table II below shows both
high- and low-temperature geothermal resources.
TABLE II
THE MAIN GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN KAZAKHSTAN [23]
Location Depth (m) Temperature (°C)
Around Chymkent, Taraz,
Kyzylorda cities
Shu river valley and Kyzyl-kum
dessert
Ile river valley
Almaty region vicinity
(Taldykurgan region)
Caspian region including Ustyurt,
Mangistau
1200-2100
Geothermal
gradient of 35°/km
2500-3500
2500-3500
n/a
45-80
80-90
90-115
n/a
40-100
Currently several pilot project have been implemented. For
example, Kaplanbek geothermal field (near Chimkent city) is
used for hot water supply of local households, the temperature
of water is 80°C. Geothermal source with the temperature of
80-120°C near Almaty region is used for greenhouses’ space
heating and cooling, in winter and summer consequently [24].
This type of application is one of the most common uses of
geothermal sources [25].
According to the Ministry of Industry and New
Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are six
major geothermal areas have been explored near the cities of
Shymkent, Kyzylorda, in the northern part of Kyzyl Kum
desert, near Almaty, as well as on the Ustyrt plateau on the
coast of the Caspian sea. Thus, the south regions of
Kazakhstan have favorable conditions for the development of
geothermal energy. In addition, explored underground
reservoirs of hot water located in the areas with energy
shortage and big power consumers (oil production and
refineries). However, there is no projected construction of
electricity plants in the area [26].
IV.GHG EMISSIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Kazakhstan has taken voluntary commitments to reduce
GHG emissions by up to 15% by 2020 and by 25% in 2050
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Consumption in Terawatt-
hours
Time period
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relative to the level of 1992. The announcement was made at
the 7th session of Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term
Cooperative Action under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
All information on GHG emissions in Kazakhstan is
collected in the State cadaster of sources of GHG emissions
and removals. The cadaster is maintained by government
authorities and the procedures are regulated by the Rules
developed in accordance with Article 158-2 Para 3 of the
Ecological Code of Kazakhstan dated 9 January 2007. The
latest report on GHG inventory in Kazakhstan is Third
National Communication for 2006-2012 (TNC) submitted to
the Secretariat of UNFCCC in 2013.
According to TNC, greenhouse gas emissions in
Kazakhstan are represented mainly by the following gases:
carbon dioxide (CO2) accounted for 78,23% in 2011, methane
(CH4) with 17,72$, nitrous oxide (N2O) with 3.26%,
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and perfluorocarbons (PFC) with
only 0.31% and 0.48% respectively.
Fig. 6 Total national emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in
the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1990-2011
As shown in Fig. 6 the lowest number of GHG emissions
was captured in 1999 with less than 150 Mt of CO2 equivalent
due to economic recession in the period of 1990-1999 and its
revival after 1999 till present time.
Energy sector is the largest source of GHG emissions with
up to 85.4%, followed by agriculture with 7.9%, industry with
6.3%, waste with 1.5%, and land use change and forestry with
1.1% contribution in 2011. Total number of GHG emissions
has greatly reduced by 23,42% from 358.38 to 274.46 Mt of
CO2 equivalent comparing to 1990.
There are two categories where GHG emissions come from
in energy sector: fuel combustion (86% in 2011) and fugitive
emissions (14% in 2011). 47% of fuel combustion is
contributed by power sector, followed by industry,
construction and other sectors (Table III). The major
contributors of fugitive emissions are coal and oil and gas with
69% and 31% respectfully.
TABLE III
GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTORS IN 2011 (TONNES OF CO2 EQUIVALENT)
Location Depth (m)
Power sector
Processing industry and construction
Transport
Other sectors
Other sources
94 053,28
26 448,25
20 065,11
17 439,95
41 111,68
V.ENERGY POLICY
A.National Programs
The key objective of national energy policy in Kazakhstan
is to maximise effective use of nature fuel energy resources
and potential of renewable energy sources. For the recent
decade, the country has adopted several local and interregional
strategies and programmes.
On January 17, 2012 the President of Kazakhstan,
Nursultan Nazarbayev addressed to the nation the Strategy
“Kazakhstan 2050”- new political course of the established
state [27]. The Strategy provides clear guidelines for building
a sustainable and efficient economic model based on the
country’s transition to a green development path.
On the 6th Ministerial Conference on Environment and
Development of the Asia-Pacific region [28] and UNECE
Committee on Environmental Policy the Government of
Kazakhstan in collaboration with its partners, prepared the
Green Bridge Partnership Programme (GBPP) aimed at
bringing together the efforts of governments, international
organisations, civil and business sectors in Europe, Asia and
the Pacific towards green economy. The World Summit on
Sustainable Development "RIO+20" included Astana Initiative
“Green Bridge Partnership Programme” in the outcome
document “The future we want” (clause 102) dated on June
19, 2012. Along with the achievements in the field of
international cooperation, based on the results of “RIO+20”,
Kazakhstan initiated its own internal plan on the transition to
“green economy”.
According to the Decree № 577 dated on May 30, 2012 the
President of Kazakhstan approved the Concept for transition
of the Republic of Kazakhstan to green economy [13]. As
written in the Concept: “Transition to Green Economy will
enable Kazakhstan achieve the proclaimed goal of entering the
top 30 developed countries of the world. According to
estimates, the transformations to be implemented as a part of a
Green Economy will additionally increase the GDP by 3%,
create more than 500,000 new jobs, develop new industries
and services and generally provide higher living standards all
over the country by 2050. Overall investments required for
transition to a Green Economy will be about 1% of GDP per
annum, which is equivalent to $3-4 billion”. The Concept
contains specific targets set by sectors. Thereby, in the green
scenario for power sector it is scheduled to achieve the share
of alternative sources (solar and wind) in electricity
production not less than 30% by 2020, 30% by 2030, and 50%
by 2050. According to the Concept, the share of gas power
plants in electricity production will be 20% by 2020 and 10%
greater by 2050. By 2030 it is planned to gasify Akmola,
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Karaganda, Nothern, and Eastern regions with low gas prices.
Last but not least goal in power sector in to reduce CO2
emissions in electricity production by 40% in 2050.
Action plan for 2013-2020 adopted by the Decree of the
№750 dated July 31, 2013 was developed to implement the
Concept [29]. According to the Action plan, energy
conservation and improvement of energy efficiency in
residential and commercial buildings should be reached
through measures including review of heat tariffs, introduction
of tax breaks, financial support, facilitating local production of
construction materials, conducting energy audit of all
buildings every 5 years, thermomodernisation of buildings,
and improving normative documentation for design
construction. In terms of renewable energy sources (RES), it is
planned to establish an interagency committee on RES in
Kazakhstan. Implementation of the measures is supervised by
assigned state agency.
State programme “Energy Efficiency 2020” was adopted on
August 29, 2013 by the Decree № 904 [30]. The objective of
the Programme is to reduce consumption by 10% every year
until 2015 and decrease energy intensity of GDP by 40% in
2020 comparing to the level of 2008. There are nine main
streams for the Programme implementation: EE industry, EE
innovative energy, EE housing and utilities, EE construction,
EE transport, EE lighting, EE society, EE budget sector, and
economic payment [16].
B.Renewable Energy Sources Policy
In 2009 Kazakhstan Government adopted a Low “On
supporting the use of renewable energy”. The Low provides
several measures to support renewable energy sources
including:
1) Redundancy and priority in the provision of land for the
construction of renewable energy technologies
2) Energy transmission organizations’ obligations to
purchase electricity generated by RES
3) The release of RES from network power transmission fee
4) Support for connecting RES to the network of power
transmission organization
5) Provision of investment preferences to individual and
legal entities engaged in design, construction and
operation of RES objects in accordance with the
legislation on investments of Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan has started positioning Renewable energy
sources (RES) as one of the vectors of energy sector
development in the recent years. This is evidenced by the
increasing attention paid to the process of their
implementation by the government and a number of business
structures. However, the formation of a stable RES complex in
Kazakhstan causes significant financial and technological
infusion with the direct participation of the state, without
which renewable energy will remain at virtually zero level.
According to the Strategical plan of Kazakhstan
development by 2020, the share of RES in the total share of
energy consumption should reach 1.5% by 2015, and more
than 3% by 2020.
C.Energy Efficiency
There are around 30 largest energy consuming industries
based in Kazakhstan. According to the MINT their energy
demand amounts up to 35 milliard kWh which makes
approximately 40% of total power consumption of the
country. To create conditions for reducing energy intensity of
GDP of the Republic of Kazakhstan and increasing energy
efficiency by reducing energy consumption and inefficient use
of energy resources the Government has adapted the Law on
“Energy saving and energy efficiency” in January 2012.
Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan to
the People of Kazakhstan January 29, 2010 "New Decade -
New Economic Growth - New Opportunities of Kazakhstan"
and the State Program on Forced Industrial-Innovative
Development of Kazakhstan for 2010 - 2014 set targets for
sustainable and balanced growth of the economy. It is targeted
that the energy intensity of gross domestic product should be
reduced by at least 10% by 2015 and 25% by 2020.
In addition, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated January 23, 2013 instructed the Government of the
Republic of Kazakhstan in savings of electricity consumption
by an annual 10% reduction in energy intensity of the
economy during 2013 - 2015.
Thus, energy is related to the strategic objectives of the
state. To achieve these goals it is necessary to increase energy
efficiency in all sectors and all regions of the country as a
whole.
The implementation of the energy efficiency policy has
become one of the main tools of industrial upgrading, housing
and communal services and transport sectors. Successful
policy of energy saving and energy efficiency provides energy
and environmental security of the country. In addition, the
provision of energy efficiency stimulates the introduction of
new innovative technologies and solutions, which in turn
stimulates the active interaction of science and technology
transfer.
Key points of the Law are as follows:
1) Legal entities of State energy registry (SER) that consume
more than 1500 tons of oil equivalents per year are
required to establish, implement and organize the work of
the energy management system in accordance with the
international standard for energy management ISO 50001.
2) A ban on the use and production of incandescent light
bulbs. It is expected that prohibition comes into force as:
bulbs of 100 W from July, 1st, 2012, bulbs with power
capacity more than 75 W from January, 1st, 2013, and
bulbs with power of 25 W and more from January, 1st,
2014.
3) Promotion of energy saving and energy efficiency,
including the use of energy efficient equipment and
materials
4) Introduction of energy efficiency requirements for
transportation, electric motors and equipment,
construction sector including existing and projected
dwellings consuming more than 500 toe
5) Introduction of energy efficiency labelling of buildings
and domestic appliances
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6) Disposal of mercury containing energy-saving bulbs
7) Development of training centres in the field of energy
auditing and energy management
8) Voluntary agreements on energy saving with the large
industrial enterprises
9) Promotion of the use of energy saving equipment
Energy-efficient policies should include measures for
modernisation of the economy; improve the quality of
management and production personnel qualifications,
attracting large-scale investment, education of the population
to lean consumption of energy resources. Also, a necessary
condition for its implementation is the use of scientific and
technological capabilities and new innovative thinking
increase the investment attractiveness of energy efficiency as
attractive areas of business activity.
VI.IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
KAZAKHSTAN
A.Projects Overview
Since the middle of the nineties the Republic of Kazakhstan
has drawn special attention of the large international
organisations by its political path on a sustainable
development of the region. After defining by the head of the
state a "green" course of development, a number of programs
in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency policy in
team with foreign experts has been started in Kazakhstan. The
summary of some projects which have been implemented
under the direction of such organisations like UNDP
Kazakhstan and the World Bank are provided in Tables IV-
VII.
TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF THE PROMOTION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING IN
KAZAKHSTAN PROJECT [31]
Project
duration
Main
beneficiaries Partners in action: Total budget
2013-
current
Citizens of RK
Government
Ministry of Industry and
New Technologies of the
Republic of Kazakhstan
$ 23,063,000
Including:
WB
21,763,000
Other
1,300,000
The main components of the “Promotion of Energy-
Efficient Lighting in Kazakhstan” project are as follows:
1) Policy development includes development and
implementation of a roadmap for incandescent lamps
phase-out, adaptation of official technical standards and
certification procedures for quality and performance for
energy efficient (EE) lighting products, update of relevant
mandatory and recommended sections of the national
building code on lighting, enhancement of public
procurement processes favouring energy efficiency and
life-cycle cost criteria, and the establishment of system for
collection, recycling, and storage of mercury-containing
lamps;
2) Market development for EE lighting incorporates
increasing accessibility of EE lighting among targeted
populations and implementing labelling program for
energy-efficient lighting product;
3) Promotion and educational outreach, in particular EE
lighting promotional campaigns among professionals;
4) Demonstration projects involve new ready demonstration
projects and other lighting upgrades.
The global purpose of the “Energy Efficient Design and
Construction of Residential Buildings” project is a reduction
of emission of GHG by housing sector in Kazakhstan. The
project is directed on achievement of energy saving with the
smallest expenses within existing national programs, standards
and legal base in the field of energy efficiency, construction,
and the housing-and-municipal relations. The main objectives
of the project are to promote the energy efficiency in the
country.
TABLE V
SUMMARY OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS PROJECT [32]
Project
duration
Main
beneficiaries Partners in action: Total budget
2010-
2015
Agency for
Construction,
Housing and
Utilities of the
Republic of
Kazakhstan
Citizens
Agency for Construction,
Housing and Utilities of
the Republic of
Kazakhstan
Ministry of Environmental
Protection of the Republic
of Kazakhstan
Ministry of Industry and
Trade of the Republic of
Kazakhstan
Local municipalities
$32,463,840
Including:
GEF
$4,568,500
Main components of the project:
1) The control over the implementation of the basic building
codes and standards: the development of rating system,
monitoring energy efficiency system and disposing of
GHG
2) Support for voluntary “green" building standards: support
of government authorities and institutions.
3) Establishment of demonstration projects and energy
efficiency centre
4) Development of energy efficient building materials
5) Work in Education sector: training of all employees in the
construction and competitions on energy-efficient
technologies in the construction
The purpose of the next project on “Removing barriers to
energy efficiency in municipal heat and hot water supply” is a
reduction of GHG emissions in system of a municipal heat
supply, tariff policy of heat supply in municipal sector, and
transition to power effective technologies. The project is
targeted at creation of conditions for a sustainable
development of municipal sector taking into account
ecological influence at local and at global level.
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TABLE VI
SUMMARY OF REMOVING BARRIERS TO ENER GY EFFICIENCY IN MUNICIPAL
HEAT AND HOT WATER SUPPLY PROJECT [33]
Project
duration
Main
beneficiaries Partners in action: Total budget
2007-
2013
Agency for
Construction
and
Municipal
Infrastructure
City
Administratio
ns and
residents of
Astana of
Almaty,
Karaganda
and Pavlodar
Ministry of Environmental
Protection, Ministry of
Industry and New
Technologies, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources
Agency on Regulation of
Natural Monopolies
Akimats, incl. of Astana,
Almaty and Karaganda cities
Kazakhstan Housing and
Utilities Sector Center JSC
Local communities and non-
governmental organizations
Scientific research institutes
Business-companies of a heat
supply and energy efficiency
$ 3,290,000
Including:
GEF
$3,290,000
Government
$1,500.000
Private
$ 500.000
Other
$2,500.000
Main components of the project:
(1) Promote energy efficiency in heating by legal acts: update
outdated regulations; strengthening the role of
condominiums in the management of district heating
buildings
(2) Establishment of financial mechanisms to encourage
investment in energy efficiency measures in heating:
(3) Collection and analysis of replicating information on
project results: monitoring the reduction of GHG
emissions for pilot projects; training and other activities,
creating a network of information exchange
TABLE VII
SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY [34]
Project
duration
Main
beneficiaries Partners in action: Total budget
2013-
current
Citizens of RK
Government
Ministry of Industry and
New Technologies of the
Republic of Kazakhstan
$ 23,063,000
Including:
WB
21,763,000
Other
1,300,000
This is a demonstration project aimed at improving energy
efficiency, development of necessary financial conditions
through the establishment of demonstration objects and
technical assistance.
Main components of the project:
1) Creation and funding of public projects in the field of
energy efficiency
2) Technical support: strengthening the capacity of
ministries to implement state project; large-scale research
in the field of energy efficiency; measures to establish a
legal and regulatory framework; designing various
financing schemes for energy efficiency
B.Barriers
Successful implementation of projects in Kazakhstan is
hampered by the existence of various types of barriers:
First of all, lack of awareness of the potential savings and
the practical advantages of energy efficient technologies is an
information barrier. The majority users have limited
information about a possibility of a significant reduction in
energy costs just by replacing incandescent light bulbs with
energy-efficient lamps. In the area of green buildings the
professionals have a lack of knowledge about advanced
technologies in the construction sector; people cannot identify
the energy efficient buildings, materials and goods as there are
no labels on energy efficient class available on them except
home appliances. Consumers do not see the point of initial
high investment in energy-efficient equipment and
technologies in spite of lower operating costs and
consumption over the lifetime.
Political barriers could be identified as: the lack of
mandatory national legal requirements, standards or legal
incentive programs to support energy-efficient technologies,
ineffective implementation of legal documents in the field of
energy, lack of financial support for energy efficiency
measures. Kazakhstan still has a number of regulatory and
legal provisions and technical standards that need to be revised
in accordance with the objectives of the legislation and to
promote the goals of energy efficiency and reduce GHG
emissions.
The financial barriers include lack of experience on the
implementation of investment programs, high risks of
investing in energy efficiency projects. In the project of
energy efficiency in municipal heat supply a weak financial
base and low creditworthiness of existing heat supply
companies had become main barriers.
A large area of the country, the remoteness of the major
cities from each other, poorly developed market for energy-
efficient equipment and materials, low competitive ability - all
these relates to the technical and market barriers to the
implementation of the projects.
C.Results
During the implementation of the projects certain results at
the state and local level organisations, educational and other
institutions were obtained. At the moment projects are not
finished, so these results should be evaluated as a preliminary.
Different introductory seminars, meetings, various
international conferences and symposia have been
implemented for all mentioned projects. Various print
materials, flyers and banners have been distributed to promote
and increase public awareness on energy conservation. The
issue on a shortage of qualified professionals in the field of
energy saving measures has been solved by training the staff
of 700 residential buildings throughout Kazakhstan. Also 17
demonstration projects have been implemented in apartment
buildings in different cities of Kazakhstan, $6.6 million of
public and private investment attracted to modernise
residential homes in 4 cities, large-scale energy audits of
buildings has been conducted, the country's first energy
service company was created. Some of the developed schemes
and models of interaction between the state and the consumer
had been included in the programme of housing modernisation
for 2011-2020.
That is not to say that these results have already determine
the success of projects, but in general, it could be said that the
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average consumer perceives till what extent the Government is
concerned about the energy efficiency in the country.
VIII.CONCLUSION
Kazakhstan is a relatively young independent country. But
during this short period, large-scale institutional changes have
occurred in the country. Kazakhstan has chosen a green way
of development towards improving energy efficiency in all
sectors of economy. Kazakhstan ratified Kyoto protocol in
2009 and in 2010 initiated a program to reduce its GHG
emissions by 15% by 2020 from the level of 1992. To be able
to mitigate GHG emissions and reduce dependence on fossil
fuels, new policy initiatives support the renewable energy
sector. The country has set itself a target to generate 3% of its
total electricity supply from renewable energy sources by
2020. The production of green energy will benefit resource-
deficient regions of the country, such as south-eastern
Kazakhstan as well as create employment opportunities for the
population.
Several projects have been implemented towards improving
energy efficiency in different areas, including lighting,
construction, and heat and hot water supply. The pilot projects
were executed locally at cities therefore had a limited impact
on a country scale.
Still, there is much work to be done. More emphasis should
be given to the developing of a green energy framework
including incentives to invest in green renewable energy
sector and strengthening institutional capacity.
Simultaneously, it is critical to promote energy efficiency
through behaviour change of the society.
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International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:9, No:2, 2015
85International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(2) 2015 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10000514
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- ReferencesReferences8
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