This report finds that discrimination, homophobia and Russia’s crusade against non-traditional sexual relationships have helped fuel a worrying rise in hostility towards LGBTI human rights groups in parts of the former Soviet Union. Social and political homophobia and transphobia in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan contribute to the marginalisation of LGBTI HRDs and activists. The state authorities are unwilling to protect LGBTI HRDs and activists - police fail to prevent and investigate homophobic and transphobic hate crimes against LGBTI HRDs, activists and community members. LGBTI HRDs are often left demoralised by the failure of other civil society actors to show solidarity and support, and include the human rights of LGBTI people in their own advocacy and programme work. These challenges weaken the reach and impact of advocacy for LGBTI rights, and threatens the sustainability of work towards realising the rights of LGBTI people. The report concludes with concrete recommendations for national and international actors.