National Death Tolls for the Second World War
This chart contains my best estimate for national death tolls during the Second World War. Click the links for sources and details.
| | Axis Military | Allied Military | Civilians | Europe-North Africa | Asia-Pacific | TOTAL |
| Soviet Union | | 8,668,000 | 16,900,000 | 8,660,000 | 8,000 | 25.6m |
| China | 240,000 | 1,757,000 | 8,000,000 | | 1,997,000 | 10.0m |
| Poland | | 123,000 | 6,028,000 | 123,000 | | 6.1m |
| Germany | 3,500,000 | | 1,600,000 | 3,500,000 | | 5.1m |
| East Indies | | | 4,000,000 | | | 4.0m |
| Japan | 2,566,000 | | 672,000 | | 2,566,000 | 3.2m |
| India | | 49,000 | 3,000,000 | 42,000 | 7,000 | 3.0m |
| French Indochina | | | 2,000,000 | | | 2.0m |
| Yugoslavia | | 305,000 | 1,200,000 | 305,000 | | 1.5m |
| Romania | 350,000 | 170,000 | 300,000 | 520,000 | | 0.8m |
| France | 3,000 | 250,000 | 350,000 | 250,000 | | 0.6m |
| Czechoslovakia | 200,000 | 46,000 | 294,000 | 246,000 | | 540,000 |
| Great Britain | | 403,000 | 93,000 | 397,000 | 6,000 | 496,000 |
| Italy | 280,000 | 67,000 | 93,000 | 347,000 | | 440,000 |
| Hungary | 136,000 | | 294,000 | 136,000 | | 430,000 |
| USA | | 405,000 | 9,000 | 309,000 | 96,000 | 414,000 |
| Korea | | | 400,000 | | | 400,000 |
| Greece | | 17,000 | 325,000 | 17,000 | | 342,000 |
| Netherlands | | 8,000 | 200,000 | 8,000 | | 208,000 |
| Philippines | | 27,000 | 100,000 | | 27,000 | 127,000 |
| Belgium | | 9,000 | 76,000 | 9,000 | | 85,000 |
| Finland | 80,000 | | 3,000 | 80,000 | | 83,000 |
| | 7.3m | 12.3m | 45.9m | 14.9m | 4.7m | 65.6m |
Recurring Sources for WW2
AWM: Australian War Memorial Fact Sheet [http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp
Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."
Clodfelter, Michael: Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991
Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases.
Eckhardt, William: a 3-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."
Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing" unless otherwise noted.
Gruhl, Werner, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945
The Guardian [London] 30 Apr. 1994 (wires 2 May 94), citing J. Erickson and Helmut Trotnow
Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan, ed., (1997)
US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (1995)
Hochschild, Adam, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin (Penguin, 1994)
Information Please Almanac (1991 edition): "battle deaths" unless otherwise noted.
Johnson, Paul, Modern Times
Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History (1978)
Large, Stephen S., Showa Japan: 1941-1952
Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (Macmillan, 1989)
Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
Paterson, Thomas G., On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War, p 11, (1992)
Shabad, Steven, World Press Review v42n7 (Jul 1995)
Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816-1965 (1982): battle deaths.
Haruo Tohmatsu, H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific, p.144
Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population (1971)
Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts Left Out (1995)
- Level 1: more than 1,000,000 dead
- China
- Military:
- Britannica: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- Compton's: 1,310,224 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- HarperCollins: 1,324,000
- Clodfelter
- KMT: 1,319,958 KIA
- Communists: admit to 500,000 d., but true toll probably 2M soldiers + civilians in Comm. areas.
- Total: 3M
- Info. Please: 1,324,516 (Nationalists, 1937-45)
- Ellis: 1,400,000
- Eckhardt: 650,000 (1937-41, incl. Japanese), 1,350,000 (1941-45)
- Small & Singer: 750,000 (1937-41), 1,350,000 (after Dec. 1941)
- Wallechinsky: [2,219,958]
- Nationalists (1937-45): 1,319,958
- Communists: 500,000
- non-Comm. guerrillas: 400,000
- Urlanis: 2,500,000
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 1,920,000 (China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 1,130,000 (1942-45) [=3,0500,000]
- Encarta: 3,500,000
- Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252:
- Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
- During the 2nd Chinese Civil War, Communist troops lost 263,800 killed. The Nationalists lost 1,711,110 both killed and wounded, with maybe a fifth of those [some 370,000] killed. (p.253)
- Japan’s Chinese allies/puppets lost 960,000 soldiers both killed and wounded. [As a rough guess, a fourth of this would be 240,000 killed.]
- Communists: 446,736 k.
- Rummel: 3,832,000
- Nationalist + Communist battle: 1,900,000
- Disease: 1,500,000
- Japanese puppet Chinese: 432,000
- Kinder: 6,400,000
- MEDIAN: ca. 2,050,000 (2.0M-2.1M)
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 1,150,000 (1937-41), 850,000 (1941-45)
- Ho Ping-to, Studies in the population of China, 1368-1953 (1967) pp. 250-252
Ho cited a survey that estimated 335,934 Chinese civilians killed in air raids and 1,073,496 killed otherwise. That would come to some 1.4 million civilians killed directly by war, 1937-45, but his methodology specifically did not include the Nanjing Massacre and the Yellow River flood.
- Kinder: 4,500,000
- Wallechinsky: 2-10M (1937-45)
- Urlanis: 7,500,000
- Ellis: 8,000,000
- HarperCollins: up to 10,000,000
- Encarta: 10,000,000
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 5,870,000 (China + Manchuria, 1931-41) + 6,530,000 (1942-45) [=12,400,000]
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 15,554,000 (p.143)
- Rummel: 15,608,000
- Civilian, non-democidal: 3,252,000
- Famine: 2,250,000
- Democide:
- by Japanese: 3,949,000
- by Nationalists: 5,907,000
- by Communists: 250,000
- MEDIAN: 8,000,000
- Total:
- Messenger: 2.5M
- Eckhardt: 4M
- Wallechinsky: 4.2-12.2M
- Ellis: 9.4M
- Urlanis: 10M
- Kinder: 10.9M
- HarperCollins: < 11M
- Encarta: 13.5M
- Martin Gilbert A History of the Twentieth Century v.3 (citing Ho Ping-ti): 15-20M
- Rummel: 20.44M
- MEDIAN: ca. 10,450,000 (10.0M-10.9M)
- Dutch East Indies
- Sterling Seagrave, Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold, p.54: 4 million Indonesians enslaved and worked to death in distant lands.
- Paterson, On Every Front: 4M
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 3 to 4 million deaths as a result of the occupation, incl. 800,000 by forced labor (p.111); 3,000,000 (p.143)
- Germany
- Military:
- HarperCollins: 2,850,000
- Ellis: 3,250,000
- Compton's: 3,250,000
- Info. Please: 3,250,000 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 3,250,000 d. incl...
2,850,000 KIA
- Britannica: 3,500,000 (incl. 1M missing. Not incl.: 250,000 dead of natural causes, suicide and execution)
- Small & Singer: 3,500,000
- Encarta: 3,500,000
- Keegan: 4,000,000
- Kinder: 4,000,000
- Urlanis: 4,500,000
- Eckhardt: 4,750,000
- MEDIAN: 3.5M
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 500,000
- Britannica: 780,000
- Wallechinsky: 780,000
- Davies: 780,000
- Clodfelter: 780,000
- Eckhardt: 1,471,000
- Keegan: 1,593,000
- Urlanis: 2,000,000
- HarperCollins: 2,300,000
- Ellis: 2,050,000 (by Allies), 300,000 (by Germans)
- Kinder: 3,800,000
- Encarta: 3,800,000
- MEDIAN: 1.6M
- All (undifferentiated):
- Compton's: 3.75M
- Wallechinsky: 4M
- Britannica: 4.28M
- Messenger: 5M
- HarperCollins: 5.15M
- Ellis: 5.55M
- Keegan: 5.593M
- Eckhardt: 6.221M
- Urlanis: 6.5M
- Encarta: 7.3M
- Kinder: 7.8M
- MEDIAN: 5.5M
- India
- Military:
- Keegan: 24,000
- Eckhardt: 24,000
- Britannica: 24,338
- Urlanis: 24,338 (KIA, officially)
- Info. Please: 32,121
- HarperCollins: 36,092
- Ellis: 36,100
- Clodfelter: 48,675 d. incl...
24,338 KIA
- Civilian
- Eckhardt: 25,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 2,040,000 (p.143)
- Bengal Famine (1943)
- Hammond: 1.5 to 3.0 million
- Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 4th ed.: 1-3M
- John Keay: India: A History: 2-4M
- [Letter]
- All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 36,000
- French Indochina
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 1,500,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1,500,000 (p.143)
- Paterson, On Every Front: 1 million by starvation in Vietnam.
- Karnow, Vietnam, p.160: 2 million famine deaths in Vietnam.
- Large, Showa Japan: 1 million Vietnamese
- Japan
- Military:
- Clodfelter: 500,000 Japanese k. or d. in China (only)
- Keegan: 1,200,000
- Kinder: 1,200,000
- Small & Singer: 250,000 (1937-41), 1,000,000 (after Dec. 1941)
- Info. Please: 1,270,000
- Britannica: 1,300,000 (not incl. 300,000 deaths not related to battle)
- Eckhardt: 1,500,000
- HarperCollins: 1,506,000
- Encarta: 1,700,000
- Large, Showa Japan: 1,740,955 total military deaths, incl.
- Navy dead: 414,879
- In China 1937-41: 185,647
- In China 1941-45: 202,958
- Ellis: 1,740,000 (from 1937)
- Compton's: 1,862,499
- Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day: 1,506,000
- Urlanis: 2,000,000
- Clodfelter: 2,565,878 d. incl...
1,506,000 KIA
- Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45: 2,566,000 dead of all causes (1,506,000 KIA)
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 250,000
- HarperCollins: 300,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- Encarta: 380,000
- Ellis: 393,400
- Large, Showa Japan:
- Tokyo: 97,301
- HiroShima: 140,000
- Nagasaki: 70,000
- all other cities: 86,336
- [Total killed in cities: 393,637]
- Eckhardt: 500,000
- Clodfelter: 658,595 or 672,000 (incl. disease, malnutrition and 299,485 by bombing)
- Britannica: 672,000
- Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-45: 672,000
- Wallechinsky: 700,000
- Davison, The Pacific War Day by Day: 900,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 2,000,000
- Wallechinsky: 3.2M
- Poland
- Military:
- Ellis: 66,300 (1939 war), 4,500 (in W. Eur.)
- Encarta: 120,000
- Urlanis: 123,200 (from official report, 1947)
- 1939 War: 66,300
- 1st & 2nd Polish Armies in East: 13,900
- France & Norway, 1940: 2,100
- In British Army: 7,900
- 1944 Uprising: 13,000
- Resistance: 20,000
- Britannica: 123,178
- Davies: 123,178
- Compton's: 125,000
- Small & Singer: 320,000 (1939 war)
- Eckhardt: 600,000
- Info. Please: 664,000
- HarperCollins: 850,000 (169,822 "as Allies")
- Civilian:
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 6,000,000
- Messenger: 6,000,000
- Wallechinsky: 6.3M
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- Military:
- Info. Please: 6,115,000 (all causes)
- Compton's: 6,750,000
- Keegan: 7,000,000
- Small & Singer: 7,500,000
- Eckhardt: 7,500,000
- Davies: 8,000,000 to 9,000,000
- Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies, by John Erickson and David Dilks
- KIA, Died of wounds, Accidents, Suicides: 6,885,1000 [sic]
- Dead and Missing: 8,668,400
- Mentions and dismisses other estimates of 23M and 26.4M.
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997); also :
- KIA, DoW, etc.: 6,885,100
- Total Dead: 8,668,400
- Mazower: 3M POWs through starvation + 6.5M in battle = 9.5M
- Urlanis: 10,000,000
- Volkogonov: 10,000,000
- Ellis: 11,000,000
- Britannica: 11,000,000
- Encarta: 13,000,000
- Kinder: 13,600,000
- Wallechinsky: 13,600,000
- HarperCollins: 14,500,000
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 22M
- Steven Shabad
- Sokolov's new calculations: 26.4M
- Gorbachev's official est.: 8,668,000 Red Army dead
- MEDIAN: 10M
- Civilian:
- Compton's: 6M
- Ellis: 6,700,000
- Britannica: 7,000,000
- HarperCollins: 7,000,000
- Encarta: 7,000,000
- Kinder: 7,000,000
- Keegan: 7,000,000
- Eckhardt: 7,500,000
- Mazower: 10M
- Urlanis: 10,000,000
- Steven Shabad (citing Sokolov): 16.9M
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "best estimate" 17M, citing
- Sokolov: 16,900,000
- Korol: 24,000,000
- Davies: 16,000,000 to 19,000,000
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 18M
- MEDIAN: 7M
- Total:
- Compton's: 12.75M
- Keegan: 14M
- Eckhardt: 15M
- Ellis: 17.7M
- Britannica: 18M
- Mazower: 19.5M
- Encarta: 20M
- Messenger: 20M
- Urlanis: 20M
- Kinder: 20.6M
- HarperCollins: 21.5M
- Wallechinsky: 20-26M
- Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): 25M
- The Cambridge History of Russia: 25M
- Davies: 24M to 28M
- Volkogonov, Dmitri, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (1991): 26-27M
- Guiness World Records: 26.6M [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.asp?id=46251]
- Hochschild: 27M
- 30 Apr. 1994 Guardian: 40M
- Steven Shabad
- Sokolov's new calculations: 43.3M
- Stalin's official public est.: 7M dead
- Khrushchev's official est.: 20M
- Gorbachev's official est.: 27M
- Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies, by John Erickson and David Dilks: 49M (acc2 book review: Agence France Presse, 16 June 1994)
- MEDIAN: 20M
- Yugoslavia
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 5,000 (1941 War)
- Compton's: 75,000
- Encarta: 300,000
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Britannica: 305,000
- Davies: 305,000
- Info. Please: 305,000
- Eckhardt: 400,000
- MEDIAN: 0.3M
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 1,000,000
- Britannica: 1,200,000
- Davies: 1,200,000
- Wallechinsky: 1,200,000
- Encarta: 1,300,000
- Urlanis: 1,400,000
- MEDIAN: 1.2M
- Total:
- Keegan: 1M
- Eckhardt: 1.4M
- Wallechinsky: 1.5M
- Britannica: 1.505M
- Davies: 1.505M
- Encarta: 1.6M
- Messenger: 1.6M
- Urlanis: 1.7M
- HarperCollins: 1.7M
- Ellis: 1.7M
- MEDIAN: 1.55M
- Level 2: more than 100,000 dead
- Austria (usually counted with Germany)
- Military:
- Urlanis: 270,000
- Info. Please: 280,000
- Eckhardt: 280,000
- HarperCollins: 380,000
- Civilian:
- Urlanis: 104,000
- Eckhardt: 125,000
- HarperCollins: 145,000
- All:
Messenger: 310,000
- Czechoslovakia
- Military:
- HarperCollins: 6,683
- Info. Please: 6,683 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 6,683 KIA
- Britannica: 10,000
- Encarta: 10,000
- Eckhardt: 30,000
- Urlanis
- Czechs, Slovaks in various armies: 46,000
- Sudetendeutsch w/German Army: 200,000
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 215,000
- Ellis: 215,000
- Eckhardt: 250,000
- Urlanis: 294,000
- HarperCollins: 310,000
- Encarta: 330,000
- All:
Messenger: 350,000
- France
- Military:
- Civilian:
- HarperCollins: 173,260
- Britannica: 350,000
- Davies: 350,000
- Clodfelter: 350,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- From bombing: 60,000
- Nazi terror: 90,000
- Forced labor in Germany: 40,000
- German concentration camps: 160,000
- Encarta: 360,000
- Keegan: 400,000
- Eckhardt: 450,000
- Ellis: 470,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Wallechinsky: 595,000
- Messenger: 600,000
- Greece
- Military:
- Civilian:
- Eckhardt: 54,000
- HarperCollins: 155,300
- Britannica: 325,000
- Clodfelter: 325,000
- Davies: 325,000
- Urlanis: 350,000
- Compton's: 380,000
- Ellis: 415,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 100,000
- Keegan: 250,000
- Hungary
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 40,000
- Compton's: 75,000
- Encarta: 120,000
- Ellis: 136,000
- Urlanis: 136,000
- Info. Please: 147,435
- Britannica: 200,000 (fragmentary data)
- Eckhardt: 400,000
- Civilian:
- Encarta: 280,000
- Britannica: 290,000
- Urlanis: 294,000
- Ellis: 300,000
- Eckhardt: 450,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 400,000
- Wallechinsky: 490,000
- HarperCollins: 750,000
- Italy
- Military:
- Compton's: 60,000 (w/Axis), 69,774 (w/Allies)
- Small & Singer: 60,000 (w/Axis), 17,500 (w/Allies)
- Info. Please: 149,496 (all causes)
- Eckhardt: 150,000
- Ellis: 226,900
- Britannica: 242,232 (incl. 131,419 missing, but not incl. 49,144 dead of natural causes and suicide. Total military dead w/o missing: 159,957, which divides up as 92,767 w/Axis and 67,190 w/Allies)
- HarperCollins: 279,820 (17,400 as Allies)
- Encarta: 330,000
- Urlanis: 400,000 (incl. 17,000 as Allies; 71,000 in resistance)
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 60,000
- Eckhardt: 70,000
- Encarta: 80,000
- HarperCollins: 93,000
- Urlanis: 100,000
- Britannica: 152,941
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 330,000
- Messenger: 300,000
- Wallechinsky: 530,000
- Korea
- Paterson, On Every Front: 70,000
- Large, Showa Japan: 70,000 Koreans d. in war
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 400,000 lost their lives as a result of the war, incl. 60,000 laboring in Japan (p.111); 533,000 (p.143)
- Netherlands
- Military:
- Eckhardt: 6,000
- Small & Singer: 6,200
- Compton's: 6,238
- Info. Please: 6,500
- Britannica: 7,900
- Clodfelter: 7,900, incl. 6,344 KIA
- Keegan: 10,000
- Urlanis: 12,000, incl. 6,200 in 1940 war
- HarperCollins: 13,700
- Ellis: 2,900 (1940), 10,800 (in exile)
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 150,000
- Urlanis: 198,000
- Eckhardt: 200,000
- Clodfelter: 200,000
- Britannica: 200,000
- HarperCollins: 236,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Keegan: 200,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Philippines
- Romania
- Military:
- Compton's: 80,000
- Encarta: 200,000
- Small & Singer: 290,000 (w/Axis), 5,000 (w/Allies)
- Britannica: 300,000 (fragmentary data)
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Davies: 300,000
- Eckhardt: 340,000
- Info. Please: 350,000 (against USSR; 169,822 against Germany)
- Ellis: 381,000 (w/Axis)
- HarperCollins: 519,822
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 200,000
- Urlanis: 200,000
- Eckhardt: 300,000
- HarperCollins: 465,000
- Encarta: 465,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Wallechinsky: 500,000
- Messenger: 700,000
- United Kingdom
- Military:
- Keegan: 244,000
- Britannica: 264,443 (incl. missing)
- Davies: 264,443
- Small & Singer: 270,000
- HarperCollins: 271,311
- Urlanis: 290,000
- Ellis: 305,800
- Eckhardt: 350,000
- Compton's: 353,652 (British Empire)
- Info. Please: 357,116 (all causes)
- Clodfelter: 403,195 incl...
264,443 KIA
- Civilian:
- Keegan: 60,000 (bombing)
- Urlanis: 60,000
- HarperCollins: 60,595
- Ellis: 60,600
- Britannica: 92,673 (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by bombing)
- Davies: 92,673
- Clodfelter: 92,673
- Eckhardt: 100,000
- All (undifferentiated):
- Messenger: 400,000
- Wallechinsky: 495,000
- United States of America
- Military:
- Keegan: 292,000
- HarperCollins: 292,100
- Britannica: 292,131 (not incl. 115,187 non-battle)
- Compton's: 293,986
- Urlanis: 300,000
- Info. Please: 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other causes = 405,399
- DoD: 291,557 KIA + 113,842 other = 405,399
- Ellis: 405,400
- Encarta: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other causes = 407,318
- Wallechinsky: 292,131 KIA + 115,187 other = 407,318
- Eckhardt: 408,000
- Small & Singer: 408,300
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 6,000
- U.S. Merchant Marine: 8,300 mariners killed at sea, at least 1,100 died from wounds. Total killed estimated 9,300. [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html]
- All (undifferentiated):
Messenger: 300,000
- Level 3: more than 10,000 dead
- Albania
- Military:
- Eckhardt: 20,000
- Urlanis: 28,800 guerillas
- Civilian:
Eckhardt: 10,000
- All:
Messenger: 20,000
- Australia
- Military:
- Keegan: 23,000
- Britannica: 23,365 (incl. missing)
- HarperCollins: 23,395
- Info. Please: 26,976
- Ellis: 29,400
- Small & Singer: 33,826
- Eckhardt: 34,000
- Clodfelter: 37,637 d. incl...
23,338 KIA
- AWM: 39,366
- Army: 26,097
- RAN: 2,208
- RAAF: 11,061
- All:
- Messenger: 29,000
- Paterson, On Every Front: 30,000
- Belgium
- Military:
- Ellis: 7,500 (1940), 500 (in exile)
- Compton's: 7,760
- Info. Please: 8,460
- HarperCollins: 9,561
- Small & Singer: 9,600
- Urlanis: 9,300 in 1940; 10,000 total
- Britannica: 12,000
- Clodfelter: 22,651 incl. 8,460 KIA
- Eckhardt: 110,000
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 12,000
- HarperCollins: 75,000
- Clodfelter: 76,000
- Urlanis: 76,000 (w/Lux.)
- Britannica: 76,000
- Eckhardt: 90,000
- All:
Messenger: 100,000
- British Far Eastern Colonies
- Malaya and Singapore
- Tohmatsu & Willmott, A Gathering Darkness, p.144: 130,000
- Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two: 100,000 (p.143)
- All colonies
Messenger: 21,000
- Bulgaria
- Military:
- Info. Please: 6,671
- Small & Singer: 9,000 (w/Axis), 1,000 (w/Allies)
- Britannica: 10,000 (fragmentary data)
- HarperCollins: 18,500
- Eckhardt: 20,000
- Urlanis: 25,000
- w/Soviets: 7,000
- Guerrillas: 15,000
- Civilian:
- HarperCollins: 1,500
- Britannica: 10,000
- Urlanis: 10,000
- Eckhardt: 14,000
- Ellis: 50,000
- All:
Messenger: 17,000
- Canada
- Military:
- Keegan: 37,000
- Britannica: 37,476
- Urlanis: 37,476 (KIA, officially)
- Eckhardt: 39,000
- Small & Singer: 39,300
- Ellis: 39,300
- HarperCollins: 39,319
- Info. Please: 42,042
- Clodfelter: 42,666 d. incl...
37,476 KIA
- Civilian:
Mariners: ca. 1,146 k., "along with 203 Newfoundlanders, who were not yet Canadians." [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-1039-5834/conflict_war/canada_veterans/clip3]
- All:
Messenger: 39,000
- Finland
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 42,000 (1941-45)
- Eckhardt: 45,000 (1941-45)
- Compton's: 52,609
- HarperCollins: 79,047
- Info. Please: 79,047
- Britannica: 82,000
- Clodfelter: 82,000 d. incl...
79,047 KIA
- Urlanis: 84,000
- Ellis: 24,900 (Winter War), 65,000 (1941-45)
- Civilian:
- Britannica: 2,000
- Clodfelter: 2,000
- Ellis: 3,400
- Eckhardt: 15,000
- Urlanis: 16,000
- All:
Messenger: 90,000
- New Zealand
- Military:
- Keegan: 10,000
- Britannica: 10,033 (incl. missing)
- Urlanis: 10,033 (KIA, officially)
- Info. Please: 11,625 (all causes)
- HarperCollins: 12,162
- Clodfelter: 12,262 d. incl...
10,033 KIA
- Eckhardt: 17,000
- Small & Singer: 17,300
- All:
Messenger: 5,000
- Spain
- Military:
HarperCollins: 4,500 (for Axis), 7,500 (for Allies)
- Civilian:
HarperCollins: 10,000 (in concentration camps)
- Level 4: less than 10,000 dead
- Brazil
- Denmark
- Military:
- Britannica: 1,800
- HarperCollins: 4,339
- Info. Please: 4,339
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 1,000
- Britannica: 2,000
- All:
Messenger: 7,000
- Ethiopia
- Military:
- Small & Singer: 5,000
- Eckhardt: 5,000
- Civilan:
Eckhardt: 5,000
- Luxemburg
- Military:
Urlanis: 4,000-5,000
- All:
Messenger: 7,000
- Mongolia
Military:
- Small & Singer: 3,000
- Eckhardt: 3,000
- Norway
- Military (as Allies, unless otherwise noted):
- Compton's: 1,000
- Small & Singer: 2,000
- Ellis: 2,000
- Eckhardt: 2,000
- Info. Please: 2,000
- Britannica: 3,000
- Clodfelter: 3,000 incl. 1598 KIA
- HarperCollins: 4,780
- NWHA: 709 Norwegians k. while serving the German war cause [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- Civilian:
- Ellis: 3,800
- Britannica: 7,000
- Clodfelter: 7,000
- Eckhardt: 7,000
- NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- "Germans had executed 366 [Norwegians] and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad."
- 3,670 seamen d.
- 37 quislings executed after the war.
- All:
- Messenger: 10,000
- NWHA: 10,262 [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page10.html]
- South Africa
- Military:
- Info. Please: 2,473
- Keegan: 6,000
- Britannica: 6,840
- HarperCollins: 8,681
- Clodfelter: 8,681 d. incl...
6,840 KIA
- Small & Singer: 8,700
- Ellis: 8,700
- Eckhardt: 9,000
- All:
Messenger: 9,000
Appendix A: Battle Deaths in Major WW2 Campaigns
(Includes missing, but not POWs. According to John Ellis, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) unless otherwise noted.)
- Poland, 1939
- Poles: 66,300
- Germans: 13,110
- [Soviets]: 900 ("Russians")
- [TOTAL: ca. 80,000]
- Denmark/Norway, 1940
- Ellis
- Germans: 3,692
- Norwegians: 2,000
- Danes: -
- [TOTAL: ca. 5,700]
- NWHA [http://www.nwha.org/news_1Q2004/news_page9.html]
- Norwegians: 850
- British: 4,000
- French and Poles: 530
- Germans: 1,300
- [TOTAL: 6,680]
- France 1940
- French: 120,000
- Germans: 43,110
- British: 11,010
- Belgians: 7,500
- Dutch: 2,890
- Italians: 1,250
- [TOTAL: ca. 185,000]
- Balkans, 1941
- Yugoslavs: ?
- Italians: 38,830
- Greeks: 19,000
- Germans: 3,674 (K+W) [A total of 34,040 Germans were killed in the Balkans to 31 Dec. 1944]
- [TOTAL: ca. 160,000]
- Greece, 1940-41 (according to Gilbert, A History of the 20th Century)
- Italians: 13,755
- Greeks: 15,700
- Germans: 2,232
- British: 3,712
- [TOTAL: ca. 35,400]
- Eastern Front, 1941-45
- Ellis
- [Soviets]: 11,000,000 ("Russians")
- Germans: 2,415,690 (K+M+POWs, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est. is 1,001,680 killed + 1,287,140 missing = 2,288,820 in Field Army only, 22-June 1941-10 March 1945.)
- Romanians: 381,000 (as Axis). 170,000 (as Allies)
- Hungarians: 136,000
- Poles: >40,000
- Bulgarians: 32,000
- [TOTAL: ca. 14,000,000]
- Clodfelter
- [Soviets]: 7.5M to 12.0M ("Russians")
- Germans: 1,001,000 kia
- Romanians: 300,000 d.
- Hungarians: 200,000 d.
- [TOTAL: ca. 11,251,000 ± 2,250,000]
- North African Desert, 1941-43
- Ellis
- Italians: 20,720
- British: c. 7,000 in W. Desert + 6,230 in Tunisia
- Germans: 12,810
- Americans: 3,620
- Australians: 3,150
- French: 12,920 (all casualty types)
- New Zealanders: 6,340 (incl. k. in Italy)
- S. Africans: 2,100
- Indians: 1,720
- [TOTAL: 57,350, excl. French & New Z.]
- Clodfelter
- British Commonwealth: 35,476 KIA
- Germans: 18,594
- Italians: 13,748
- [TOTAL: 67,818]
- Italy, 1943-45
- British: 89,440 (K+W)
- Germans: 59,940 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est. is 46,800K + 208,240M = 255,040 in Field Army only, June 1941-10 April 1945.)
- Americans: 29,560
- French: 8,660
- Canadians: 5,400
- Indians: 4,720
- Poles: 2,460
- S. Africans: 710
- Brazilians: 510
- [TOTAL: ca. 125,000]
- China
- Chinese: 3,211,420 (all casualty types)
- Japanese: 388,600
- [TOTAL: ca. 1,200,000]
- Pacific, 1941-45
- Ellis
- Japanese: 685,230 Army & Marines + 414,880 Navy [=1,100,110]
- Americans: 55,060 Army & Marines + 36,950 Navy [=92,010]
- [TOTAL: ca. 1,192,120]
- Large, Showa Japan: US lost 100,997 kia in Pacific
- NW Europe, 1944-45
- Ellis
- Germans: 128,030 (KIA only, incl. SS troops, to Dec. 1944. Another est. is 80,820K + 490,260M = 571,080 in Field Army only, to April 1945.)
- Americans: 109,820
- British: 30,280
- French: 12,590
- Canadians: 10,740
- Poles: 1,160
- [TOTAL: 292,620]
- Clodfelter
- Allies: 186,900 KIA, incl. 135,576 USA
- Germans: 263,000 combat d. + 56,000 died as POWs [incl. died of wounds]
- [TOTAL: 505,900]
- SE Asia
- Japanese: 210,830
- Indians: 6,860
- British: 5,670 (incl. POWs)
- Americans: 3,650
- Australians: 1,820
- Africans: 860
- [TOTAL: ca. 225,000]
Major Battles of WW2:
Appendix B: Holocaust Deaths by Nation
Total Jews killed from within pre-war borders.
- Poland
- Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War: 3,000,000 Jews k
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two: 3,000,000
- Wiesenthal Center: 2,982,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/pages/t061/t06152.html]
- Davies, Europe: a history: 2,350,000-3,000,000
- Johnson, Paul, Modern Times: 2,600,000
- Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History: 2,350,000
- USSR
- Davies: 1,500,000-2,000,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 1,000,000
- Wiesenthal Center: 1,000,000 [http://motlc.wiesenthal.org/text/x30/xm3081.html]
- Harper Collins: 1,000,000
- Johnson: 750,000
- Kinder: 700,000
- Romania
- Johnson: 750,000 Jews k
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two: 470,000
- Historical Atlas of the Holocaust: 350,000+
- Davies: 200,000-300,000
- Kinder: 200,000
- Harper Collins: 40,000
- Hungary
- Johnson: 402,000 Jews k
- Davies: 200,000-300,000
- Harper Collins: 200,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Kinder: 180,000
- Czecholslovakia
- Johnson: 277,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 277,000
- Kinder: 233,000
- Messenger: 200,000
- Davies: 90,000-95,000
- Germany
- Davies: 218,000-240,000 Jews k (with Austria)
- Johnson: 180,000
- Messenger: 160,000
- Kinder: 160,000
- Harper Collins: 160,000
- Lithuania
- Messenger: 140,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 135,000
- Johnson: 104,000
- Netherlands
- Davies: 104,000-110,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 106,000
- Messenger: 105,000
- Kinder: 104,000
- France
- Johnson: 83,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 83,000
- Davies: 60,000-65,000
- Kinder: 60,000
- Messenger: 8,000 [sic]
- Latvia
- Messenger: 80,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 70,000
- Harper Collins: 8,000
- Austria
- Messenger: 70,000 Jews k
- Johnson: 65,000
- Harper Collins: 65,000
- Kinder: 58,000
- Greece
- Harper Collins: 71,301 Jews k
- Messenger: 67,000
- Johnson: 65,000
- Davies: 57,000-60,000
- Yugoslavia
- Messenger: 60,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 60,000
- Johnson: 60,000
- Davies: 55,000-60,000
- Kinder: 57,000
- Bulgaria
- Harper Collins: 48,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 48,000
- Johnson: 40,000
- Belgium
- Johnson: 28,000 Jews k
- Davies: 25,000-28,000
- Messenger: 25,000
- Kinder: 25,000
- Harper Collins: 24,387
- Italy
- Davies: 8,500-9,500 Jews k
- Johnson: 9,000
- Kinder: 8,500
- Messenger: 8,000
- Harper Collins: 8,000
- Luxembourg
- Davies: 2,800-3,000 Jews k
- Messenger: 1,200
- Harper Collins: 700
- Norway
- Davies: 700-1,000 Jews k
- Harper Collins: 728
- Kinder: 700
- Denmark
- Messenger: 2,000 Jews k
- Davies: < 100
- Harper Collins: 77
- TOTAL:
Sources
- AWM: Australian War Memorial Fact Sheet [http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp]
- Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."
- Clodfelter, Michael: Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991
- Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases.
- Eckhardt, William: a 3-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."
- Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing" unless otherwise noted.
- Gruhl, Werner, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945
- The Guardian [London] 30 Apr. 1994 (wires 2 May 94), citing J. Erickson and Helmut Trotnow
- Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan, ed., (1997)
- US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (1995)
- Hochschild, Adam, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin (Penguin, 1994)
- Information Please Almanac (1991 edition): "battle deaths" unless otherwise noted.
- Johnson, Paul, Modern Times
- Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
- Kinder, The Anchor Atlas of World History (1978)
- Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (Macmillan, 1989)
- Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
- Paterson, Thomas G., On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War, p 11, (1992)
- Shabad, Steven, World Press Review v42n7 (Jul 1995)
- Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816-1965 (1982): battle deaths.
- Haruo Tohmatsu, H. P. Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific, p.144
- Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population (1971)
- Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts Left Out (1995)
Last updated Feb. 2005