User:AndreaWest/WDQS Testing

This page overviews a design and specific suggestions for Wikidata SPARQL query testing. These tests will be useful to evaluate Blazegraph backend alternatives and to (possibly) establish a Wikidata SPARQL benchmark for the industry.

Goals

• Definition of multiple test sets exercising the SPARQL functions and complexities seen in actual Wikidata queries, as well as extensions, federated query, and workloads
  • Definition of specific INSERT, DELETE, CONSTRUCT and SELECT queries for performance and capabilities analysis
  • Definition of read/write workloads for stress testing
  • Tests of system characteristics and SPARQL compliance, and to evaluate system behavior under load

Test Design

Design based on insights gathered (largely) from the following papers:

• An Analytical Study of Large SPARQL Query Logs
• Getting the Most out of Wikidata: Semantic Technology Usage in Wikipedia’s Knowledge Graph
• Navigating the Maze of Wikidata Query Logs

Also, the following analyses (conducted by members of the WDQS team) examined more recent data:

• WDQS Queries Analysis
• Subpages linked from https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AKhatun

Testing SPARQL 1.1 and GeoSPARQL Compliance

Testing compliance to the SPARQL 1.1 specification (using the W3C test suite) will be accomplished using a modified form of the Tests for Triplestore (TFT) codebase. Details are provided on the Running TFT page.

GeoSPARQL testing will be accomplished similarly, and is also described on that same page.

Testing Wikidata-Specific Updates and Queries

This section expands on the specific SPARQL language constructs (such as FILTER, OPTIONAL, GROUP BY, ...), and query and update patterns that will be tested. Testing includes federated and geospatial queries, and support for the (evolution of the) label, GAS and MediaWiki local SERVICEs.

As regards SPARQL, tests are defined to exercise:

• SELECT, ASK, DESCRIBE and CONSTRUCT queries, as well as INSERT and DELETE updates
  • Note that the INSERT/DELETE requests are defined from the Streaming Updater output, as discussed below
• Language keywords
  • Solution modifiers - Distinct, Limit, Offset, Order By, Reduced
  • Assignment operators - Bind, Values
  • Algebraic operators - Filter, Union, Optional, Exists, Not Exists, Minus
  • Aggregation operators - Count, Min/Max, Avg, Sum, Group By, Group_Concat, Sample, Having
• Subqueries
• With both constants and variables in the triples
• With varying numbers of triples (from 1 to 50+)
• With combinations (co-occurrences) of the above language constructs
• Utilizing different property path lengths and structures
  • For example, property paths of the form, a*, ab*, ab*c, abc*, a|b, a*|b*, etc.
• Using different graph patterns distinguished by the number of triples, variables and joined nodes (URIs and variables that are used in multiple triples as the subject or object) in the query, plus the largest number of joins for any of the joined entities (the "join degree") and the longest chain of triples from any subject to an object (including counting the number of sequential properties in a property path)
  • For example, this query has three triples, two variables, one join node (?q) with the longest chain = 2 (due to the property path), and the largest join degree = 3 (related to ?q)
  • As another example, this query has eleven triples (not counting the comments), ten variables, five join nodes (?article, ?person, ?country, ?givenName and ?familyName) with the longest chain = 3 (from ?article to ?person, ?person to ?country, and ?coumtry to its ?countrylabel; similar result ending with ?givenName or ?familyName), and the largest join degree = 6 (related to ?person)
• Mixes of highly selective, equally selective and non-selective triples (to understand optimization)
• Small and large result sets, some with the potential for large intermediate result sets

These tests for capabilities are defined using static queries. They will be executed using the updated TFT framework to evaluate a triple store's/endpoint's support (or lack of support) for each of the Wikidata requirements, as well as the correctness and completeness of the response. In addition, the tests will be run using the modified Iguana framework to obtain an estimate of execution times.

The TFT compliance test definitions are stored in the tft directory of the wikidata-tests GitHub repository, which is included in the TFT code repository as another submodule. The corresponding test definitions for use in the Iguana framework are defined at yyy. Details coming.

Note that this set of queries specifically is designed to not cause time outs. These tests are not stress tests but tests of functionality.

Wikidata Triples for Compliance Testing

Since TFT (re)loads test data for every query, a small data set is used in this environment. It is available as the file, wikidata-subset.nt, located in the wikidata-tests repository, in the data directory.

Initially, a "small" set of Wikidata triples was created (subgraphs.csv). Approximately 20, well-populated items were selected at random representing entities from the human, film, gene and scholarly articles Wikidata sub-graphs. For these entities, all triples were captured, including statements and metadata triples (such as site links). This was created as a test set for the work on Phabricator ticket T303831, subgraph analysis. The information in the CSV file was manipulated using the Jupyter notebook, Create_Wikidata_Sample.ipynb, to create the query-triples.nt file. However, this data set alone was insufficient, since INSERT/DELETE data requests also would be processed during testing. Almost all of the deleted triples did not exist in query-triples.nt. This was not necessarily a problem, since deleting non-existent triples does not result in an error, but there was concern that the time to process a non-existent (versus existing) triple might be different.

To address this, a 15-minute capture of the WDQS Streaming Updater JSON output was created. That output is captured in this file. From the JSON, a sequence of RDF added/deleted triples was extracted and transformed into a series of SPARQL INSERT/DELETE DATA requests, using the same Jupyter notebook as noted above. The resulting SPARQL requests can be found in the file, sparql-update.txt, also in the wikidata-tests/data directory.

Although sparql-update.txt is not needed for compliance testing, it was used to create additional Wikidata triples to add to the "small" query test set. sparql-update.txt was parsed (again using the Jupyter notebook, Create_Wikidata_Sample.ipynb) to extract the first occurrence of each deleted subject-predicate pair. In this way, new triples were created and then added to the "small" set from above. This was done in order to populate the store with the actual triples that would be deleted when testing the evaluation infrastructure, when mimicking the Stream Updater processing.

Note, however, that the Jupyter notebook's approach to creating additional triples (that would later be deleted) does not capture ALL triples that are removed. If a specific IRI and predicate pair can be multi-valued, then some triples may be missed. This is because only the first triple of each IRI-predicate pair is captured. Since the goal was only to create a rough approximation of a Wikidata data set, and deletion of non-existent triples is not an error, this inadequacy was not addressed further.

In addition to all the new data discussed above, each evaluation query was executed. If no triples existed in the test data set that might satisfy the query, triples were CONSTRUCTed using WDQS and added to the test data set.

The final data set is found in the file, wikidata-subset-final.nt. (Coming)

Workload Testing

This evaluation utilizes combinations of the above queries/updates with the proportions of different query complexities defined based on these investigations:

• WDQS Queries Analysis
• WDQS Triples Analysis

The loading is based on the:

• Highest and lowest number of "queries per second" (for a single server) as of mid-June 2022
  • As captured on the WDQS queries dashboard
• Highest and lowest added and deleted "triples ingestion rate" (for a single server) as of mid-June 2022
  • As captured on the Streaming Updater dashboard

Note that these workloads reflect both user and bot queries.

The tests are defined using query patterns based on the compliance queries from above with updates as generated by the WDQS Streaming Updater. They are executed using a modified version of the Iguana Framework across multiple systems, with multiple "client" threads/workers. The following statistics are reported:

• Total execution time for each query overall and by worker
• Minimum and maximum execution times for each query (if successful) by worker and across all workers
• Mean and geometric mean of each query (that successfully executed) by worker and across all workers
• Mean and geometric mean of each query using its execution time (if successful) or a penalized amount (= timeout by default) for failed queries
  • By query overall and by worker
  • This adjusts for queries completing quickly due to errors (e.g., they will have a low execution time but not produce results)
• Number of queries overall that executed and completed by worker and dataset
• Number of queries that timed out by worker and dataset
• Average number of queries per second (across all queries) that can be processed by a triple store for the data set

As above, the test details are defined at yyy (details coming). The stress test/workload environment assumes that a complete Wikidata RDF is loaded, and will be executed using the modified Iguana framework.

As mentioned above, the test definitions are based on the static (compliance) queries. These are translated to utilize the syntax of Iguana's SPARQL query patterns. The patterns are created by modifying the static queries to reference variables that will be exchanged for actual Wikidata items and properties by the Iguana framework. This is accomplished by the framework's first querying a reference endpoint for possible substitutions for the variables and then (for up to 2000 results) substituting the actual values into the pattern.

As an example, consider the static query (query-joal11.rq):

SELECT ?q ?x {
    wd:Q37938621 wdt:P131* ?q .
    ?q wdt:P300 ?x }

This is transformed to the pattern:

SELECT ?q ?x {
    %%var0%% wdt:P131* ?q .
    ?q %%var1%% ?x }

Iguana will query for up to 2000 possible item/property pairs to substitute for var0 and var1. When executing the tests, random pairs will be chosen and used as the stress test queries.

Wikidata Triples for Stress Testing

Stress testing requires a load of the complete set of Wikidata triples, and then a capture of the streaming updates that will be applied to it. Processing of the WDQS Streaming Updater JSON output can be handled using the functionality in the Jupyter notebook discussed above, Create_Wikidata_Sample.ipynb. (See the processing in the last two code blocks of the notebook, which produces the sparql-update-batches.txt file.)

Note that:

• WDQS updates are not applied incrementally. They are batched at approximately 1 update/second, which is mimicked by the functionality in the notebook.
• If a 1 second update includes both added and deleted triples, these are captured on a single line.
  • E.g., "INSERT DATA { ... } DELETE DATA { ... }" followed by a new line character
  • This is done because the Iguana test infrastructure transmits one "line" at a time to the SPARQL server (a "line" is delimited by the new line character) and the data needs to be batched as it would from the WDQS Streaming Updater

However, there is still a problem scenario to address. There is no need to add triples to a complete Wikidata dump before the first execution of the stress tests (the dump is, after all, "complete"). But, deletion and reload of some triples will be necessary after executing a workload test, if another execution is to be run against the same data store. The Wikidata triples are modified by the inclusion of Stream Updater INSERT/DELETE data. Those modifications need to be reversed if further tests should be run. Although the small Wikidata data set (wikidata-subset.nt) can be reloaded for TFT and Iguana compliance testing, the full data set cannot, due to its size.

Referring to the Create-Wikidata-Sample.ipynb notebook, see the fifth code block for one way to reverse the Stream Updater changes.

Query Characteristics/Frequencies

Along with using a complete Wikidata dump, the query load on a server is best tested using the actual queries that are issued to a Blazegraph server in one of the backend clusters (e.g., one of the wdqs100x servers, as shown on the WDQS Grafana dashboard). This approach is equivalent to capturing the Streaming Updater output exactly as it is sent to a server, and has the advantage of also completely capturing the real-time user and bot (versus simulated) queries.

This approach would work for WDQS internal testing, but presents privacy problems for a generic SPARQL benchmark or external testing. For this reason, a set of general query patterns are defined as discussed above.

Given that the specific queries are defined, the next issue is the frequency or mix of the queries to be sent. The mix is specified using the characteristics of the two investigations noted at the beginning of this section. These frequencies are documented on the Stress worksheet of the file, Wikidata-Benchmark-Queries.xlsx in the wikidata-tests repository. (For a detailed discussion of the spreadsheet, see the page, Explaining the Benchmark Query Spreadsheet.)

Lastly, the total number of queries over specific times must be defined. It is recommended that at least 10 sets of queries be issued. Each set should last for at least 3.5-5.5 minutes, including a 30 second warm up period. The query rates after the warm-up should vary and reflect a range of high and low usage patterns. For example:

• 30 secs of high usage, 120 secs of average usage, 60 secs of low usage, 30 secs of medium usage (5 mins total)
• 60 secs of average usage, 30 secs of very high usage, 30 secs of medium usage, 90 secs of average usage, 30 secs of medium usage, 60 secs of very low usage (5 mins total)
• 60 secs of low usage, 60 secs of medium usage, 60 secs of high usage, 60 secs of low usage, 60 secs of average usage (5 mins total)
• Etc.

In addition, tests should also be run to average the highest QPS rate observed (186 QPS). For example, a mix of 60 seconds of 200 QPS, followed by 60 seconds of 160 QPS, followed by 30 seconds of 210 QPS, followed by 30 seconds of 190 QPS, followed by 60 seconds of 180 QPS will execute for 4 minutes total (after warmup) with an average of 185 QPS.

What are the recommended values for very low to very high usage?

Usage	Queries/Sec
Very Low	2
Low	10
Average	25
Medium	45
High	70
Very High	95

Rates are defined based on the following data from Grafana (February to June 2022):

• For the eqiad servers (wdqs1004, wdqs1005, wdqs1006, wdqs1007, wdqs1012 and wdqs1013):
  • Max - 186 QPS
  • Min - 0.233 QPS
  • Average - 27.56 QPS
  • Geometric mean - 19.22 QPS
• For the codfw servers (wdqs2001, wdqs2002, wdqs2003, wdqs2004 and wdqs2007):
  • Max - 146 QPS
  • Min - 0.35 QPS
  • Average - 9.14 QPS
  • Geometric mean - 5.64 QPS
• As would be expected, distribution of the QPS is weighted around the average and low end. Examining the eqiad servers (since they are the more heavily used):
  • 27.14% of the 12 hour time slices reported <20 QPS on a server
  • 57.53% reported 20-40 QPS
  • 12.02% reported 40-60 QPS
  • 2.21% reported 60-80 QPS
  • 1.1% reported >80 QPS

Finally, achieving the query mix comes down to sending each of the defined queries (query patterns) with a certain delay in order to achieve the desired QPS. This is accomplished on Iguana by using 1 worker for each query pattern, with a delay between queries for that worker defined by the formula:

$workerDelay={\frac {1}{(desiredQPS*patternPercent)}}$

where the patternPercent is the expected percentage of the query pattern as documented in the Wikidata-Benchmark-Queries spreadsheet).

Updates will be sent at a frequency of 1 per second.

As an example, assume that you want to achieve 25 QPS and have 4 patterns with expected percentages of 40%, 25%, 20% and 15% respectively. Then:

• The first worker would issue a query every .1 second (or 10 queries in 1 sec)
• The second would issue a query every .16 seconds (or 6.25 queries in 1 sec)
• The third would issue a query every .2 seconds (or 5 queries in 1 sec)
• The fourth worker would issue a query every .267 seconds (or ~3.745 queries in 1 sec)

for a total of ~25 QPS.

Testing the Evaluation Infrastructure

The full Wikidata dump will be used for evaluation testing. However, a small subset of Wikidata has been created as a test data set, to evaluate the testing infrastructure. The details of that data set are described above and the data set's evaluation using a local Stardog installation are shown on this page.