A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire, in: C. Binder - H. Börm - A. Luther (eds.), Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, Duisburg: Wellem 2016, pp. 615ff.

Henning Börm

It is usually assumed that the establishment of the Sasanian Empire in the third century CE had serious consequences for the Romans. It is in fact undeniable that Rome was involved in extremely costly military conflicts with the Persians during this time. This observation has led scholars to assume that the Later Roman Empire, under constant threat in both Europe and Asia, faced a “strategic dilemma” that significantly reduced its freedom of action. All indications, it is true, suggest that especially Ardašir I and Šabuhr I took an aggressive stance against Rome in order to secure their precarious positions. They apparently wanted not only to eliminate pockets of resistance in Armenia and Hatra, but also to drive the Romans out of Mesopotamia. However, if we declare the Sasanians far more effective than their predecessors, we run the risk of taking the self-representation of the new dynasty at face value. It is anything but certain that the Sasanians really represented a greater military threat to Rome than the Arsacids. The Persians were the Romans’ only neighbors who could match their military might over the long term. But already for the wars of the third century, it is anything but clear whether the Sasanians were really the aggressors and stole the military initiative from the emperors, in other words, whether the quality of the conflicts really changed with the fall of the Arsacids. The Res gestae Divi Saporis blame the wars on the Romans – albeit vaguely – for breach of treaty. Naturally, this claim is suspect, but it should not be dismissed without consideration: although our sources for the third century are too scanty to identify the real culprits and to distinguish pretexts from causes, the fact that Roman-Persian conflicts very often took place precisely when the emperors had abundant other urgent problems to attend to is by no means evidence that these conflicts were forced on them by the Sasanians. On the contrary, precisely for principes whose regimes stood on very shaky ground, the prospect of a glorious Persian victory may have enticed them to neglect other fronts and potentially also break foedera with the Sasanians. The incomparable prestige of a successful Persian war, ideally culminating in the sack of Ctesiphon, may have lured just such emperors to attack the Sasanians, despite their other difficulties. If this hypothesis is correct, then the costly struggles on the eastern frontier were an epiphenomenon of the rapid destabilization of the imperial monarchy since the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211). It thus is plausible that neither the rise of the Sasanians nor a “Sasanian revolution” were chiefly responsible for the frequent Persian wars fought by the “soldier emperors” of the third and fourth centuries. The ebbing of military confrontations after 378 is often explained with the argument that both empires were so committed to other fronts in the late fourth century that they had to let their “eternal feud” (T. Mommsen) rest out of political considerations. It cannot be denied that the Romans and Sasanians had very good reasons to avoid a war with one another in the fifth century, since both powers faced difficulties on other fronts, but in my view, the changed character of both monarchies is the key to understanding the peaceful fifth century. On the one hand, from Vahram V (421–439) onwards, the Sasanians conspicuously turned their attention to the East for several decades. On the other hand, and in particular, the era of the “soldier emperors” in the Roman Empire came to an end after Theodosius I (379–395), and the consequences the establishment of an imperial monarchy residing in the capital had on Roman-Sasanian relations have generally been overlooked. In the first four centuries of the Roman Empire, if a princeps wished to present himself as a military victor, he normally had to be personally present, at least briefly, alongside his fighting troops. This practice changed dramatically around the year 400. Now the Augusti could ostentatiously claim every real or alleged victory for themselves without having to be present on the front. Insofar as they were able to separate their claim to victory from personally proving themselves as generals a highly risky expeditio Persica, which had spelled doom for emperors such as Gordian III, Valerian, and Julian, lost much of its appeal. Moreover, one might ask whether the Augusti of the fifth and sixth centuries could leave Constantinople at all for longer periods of time, or whether the risk of a usurpation on the Bosporus would have been too great, since now the capital itself demanded Kaisernähe. Under these changed conditions, in every case, there was little to recommend risky and expensive wars with Persia but much to recommend as stable a peace as possible and – limited – cooperation. The world across the Rhine and Danube was a multipolar one. The situation in the Roman East, in contrast, was far more favorable. Here, the Augusti had a powerful contact in the person of the Šāhān šāh. He not only had the Sasanian Empire generally under his control; he also was capable of exerting decisive influence on restless petty kings, peoples, and tribes from the Caucasus Mountains to Yemen. Although both superpowers always tried to extend their sphere of influence at one another’s expense, which gave the groups in the buffer zone a wide range of options, overall we can observe that the emperor and the Persian king had a mutual interest in jointly controlling the frontier. The especially rich, important territories of Syria and Mesopotamia stood on either side of the limes, and their security was of the utmost importance to both monarchs. Therefore the Persian king was as valuable a partner as he was a dangerous enemy.

Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ έὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὶν ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ* Henning Börm Ρὶ ὼὰξ ήάν-ἴἸ0e, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe wξdξ ίὶ ὼὰξ λdάὶέ ίο wκd. έὰξ ὒξκd ὅκeὼ κὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ wκe ὸὴκπώξν λy κ νdίώπὰὼ ὼὰκὼ ὰκν μκώeξν μκὼκeὼdίὸὰάμ μdίὸ οκάὴώdξe. έὰξ Ιdκλάκὶ ὼdάλξe άὶ ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ eώfξdξν οdίή eὼκdvκὼάίὶ, κὶν ὼὰάe ὰκdνeὰάὸ άὶ ὼώdὶ ὴξν ὼί wάνξeὸdξκν dκάνάὶπ eίήξὼάήξ κοὼξd ἴἸἴ ὃὅ. ὗίήξ dκάνξde ξvξὶ ὴξοὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ eὸὰξdξ ίο μίὶὼdίὴ κὶν dκvκπξν ὖίήκὶ ὼξddάὼίdy. Κξeάνξe ὼὰξ νdίώπὰὼ, ὼὰάe άὶμώdeάίὶ wκe κὴeί οκμάὴάὼκὼξν λy ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ, κὼ ὼὰξ eκήξ ὼάήξ, ὼὰξ Augustus ὢξὶί (ἴἷἴ–ἴἹ1) ὰκν ὼί νξκὴ wάὼὰ ὼὰξ dξλξὴ Ρὴὴώe κὶν ὼὰξ ώeώdὸξd ὐξίὶὼάώe. έὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe wξdξ ὼὰώe νάeὼdκμὼξν λy κ μάvάὴ wκd, wὰάμὰ wκe κὴwκye κὶ ξὶὼάμάὶπ ὸdίeὸξμὼ οίd ὼὰξ ὶξάπὰλίde ίο ὼὰξ Imperium Romanum.1 έὰάe ὼάήξ, ὰίwξvξd, κ ὴκdπξ άήὸξdάκὴ κdήy ὶίὶξὼὰξὴξee κeeξήλὴξν ίὶ ὼὰξ λίdνξd κὶν ὼὰdξκὼξὶξν ὼί μίὶνώμὼ κ dξὼκὴάκὼίdy μκήὸκάπὶ. ὗώμὰ κὶ άὶμώdeάίὶ λy dξπώὴκd ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe wίώὴν ὰκvξ dξὸdξeξὶὼξν κὶ άὶὼίὴξdκλὴξ ὸdίvίμκὼάίὶ οίd ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὶν άὶξvάὼκλὴy ὰκvξ ὴξν ὼί κ ήάὴάὼκdy μίὶlάμὼ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὼwί πdξκὼ ὸίwξde. Κώὼ wκd ὶξvξd μκήξ. έὰξ μίήὸξὼξὶὼ ὔξdeάκὶ πίvξdὶίd (marzbān) ίο ὒάeάλάe ὸὴξνπξν ὼὰκὼ ὰξ wίώὴν ὸξdeίὶκὴὴy eξξ ὼί άὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ Ιdκλe dξeὸίὶeάλὴξ, wὰί κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy λξὴίὶπξν ὼί ὼὰξ έκyyάʾ (Ṭūʿāyē) ὼdάλξ, wίώὴν eώddξὶνξd ὼὰξάd ὸὴώὶνξd κὶν ὸdάeίὶξde. Ρὶ dξὼώdὶ, ὰίwξvξd, ὰξ νξήκὶνξν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe οίdμξ ὼὰξ ὗκdκμξὶe ώὶνξd ὼὰξάd μίὶὼdίὴ ὼί dξὼώdὶ ὼὰξ μκὼὼὴξ κὶν ὸξίὸὴξ they ὰκν eξάzξν νώdάὶπ dξὸξκὼξν ὸὴώὶνξdάὶπ dκάνe άὶ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὼξddάὼίdy.2 έὰξ ὸὴώὶνξd wίώὴν ὼὰξὶ λξ νάvάνξν λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὔξdeάκὶe. Κκdeκώήκ, ὼὰξ λάeὰίὸ ίο * 1 2 ὑy eὸξμάκὴ ὼὰκὶέe κdξ νώξ ὼί Σίὰὶ ὒίтὴ ὄάὴὴίὶ (Κξdέξὴξy), Οξίfdξy Οdξκὼdξx (ὓὼὼκwκ), Ιὶνdξκe ὐώὼὰξd (Τάξὴ), κὶν ὖάμὰκdν ὔκyὶξ (ὃὰάμκπί). έὰάe ξeeκy wκe wdάὼὼξὶ νώdάὶπ κ eὼκy κὼ ὼὰξ Institute of Advanced ρtudy κὼ ὼὰξ ήὶάvξdeάὼy ίο Τίὶeὼκὶz, ὸκdὼ ίο ὼὰξ ώὶάvξdeάὼy e ὃξὶὼξd ίο ὅxμξὴὴξὶμξ Вὃώὴὼώdκὴ Ξίώὶνκὼάίὶe ίο ὗίμάκὴ Ρὶὼξπdκὼάίὶ«, ξeὼκλὴάeὰξν άὶ ὼὰξ οdκήξwίdέ ίο ὼὰξ Οξdήκὶ Ξξνξdκὴ κὶν ὗὼκὼξ Ρὶάὼάκὼάvξ οίd ὅxμξὴὴξὶμξ. ὃο. Ξξὴν 200ἵΒ 2ἶἹ–2ἷἷ. ὓὶ μάvάὴ wκde άὶ κὶὼάόώάὼy, μο. Κödή 201ἶ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ dίὴξ ὸὴκyξν λy Ιdκλάκὶ ὼdάλξe λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὶν ὖίήκὶe, μο. Ξάeὰξd 2011. ὃο. κὴeί Κίewίdὼὰ 1ἹἸ3, ὃίὶdκν 2000, Πκdὼήκὶὶ 200Ἰ, ὑάὴὴκd 2010, ὐάξλξeμὰώξὼz 201ἵ, κὶν Πκdὼήκὶὶ 201ἵ. ἶ1ἶ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὒάeάλάe, wὰίeξ ὴξὼὼξde πάvξ ώe ὼὰάe άὶοίdήκὼάίὶ,3 οώdὼὰξd dξὴκὼξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ dux λesopotamiae wκe ὼὰξὶ dξμξάvξν wάὼὰ κὴὴ ὰίὶίde λy ὼὰξ marzbān ὸώdeώκὶὼ ὼί ὼὰξ ίdνξde ίο ὼὰξ Τάὶπ ίο Τάὶπe – ήίeὼ ὴάέξὴy ίκὴκxšἴ (ἴἸἴ–ἴἸἸ). Ιὴὼὰίώπὰ ὼὰξdξ wκe dξὶξwξν μίὶὼdίvξdey wὰξὶ άὼ wκe νάeμίvξdξν ὼὰκὼ κὸὸdίxάήκὼξὴy οίώd ὰώὶνdξν ήίώὶὼξν έκyyάʾ ὰκν dκάνξν ὖίήκὶ vάὴὴκπξe, άὼ eξξήe ὼὰκὼ κὶ κπdξξήξὶὼ wκe dξκμὰξν.ἵ ὓὶ ὼὰξ ίὶξ ὰκὶν, ὼὰάe ξὸάeίνξ vάvάνὴy άὴὴώeὼdκὼξe wὰκὼ κ lκeὰ ὸίάὶὼ ὼὰξ λίdνξd zίὶξ μίώὴν λξ κὶν ὰίw όώάμέὴy ὼὰξ ὸκdὼάξe άὶvίὴvξν wξdξ ὸdξὸκdξν ὼί dξeίdὼ ὼί eκλξd-dκὼὼὴάὶπ ὼί ὴξὶν wξάπὰὼ ὼί ὼὰξάd ὸίeάὼάίὶe. Ρο wξ μκὶ λξὴάξvξ Κκdeκώήκ e κμμίώὶὼ, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe wξdξ ὸκdὼάμώὴκdὴy κππdξeeάvξ άὶ ἴἸἵ κὶν μξdὼκάὶὴy νάν ὶίὼ ὰξὴὸ eὼκλάὴάzξ ὼὰξ ὸίeάὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ Šāhān šāh λy ήκέάὶπ μίὶμξeeάίὶe. Κκdeκώήκ, wὰί wκe vξdy ξκπξd ὼί wάὶ ὼὰξ ὶξw έάὶπ e οκvίd κὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ, μκὶ ὰκdνὴy λξ μίὶeάνξdξν κ ὶξώὼdκὴ ίλeξdvξd, λώὼ ὰάe κμμίώὶὼ άe μίὶﬁdήξν λy ὼὰξ ὴκὼξd ὗydάκμ μὰdίὶάμὴξ ίο Σίeὰώκ ὼὰξ ὗὼyὴάὼξ, wdάὼὼξὶ άὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξΒ κοὼξd ὔξdίz (ἴἵἹ–ἴἸἴ) ὰκν νάξν άὶ λκὼὼὴξ άὶ ἴἸἴ, ὢξὶί, wὰίeξ ίwὶ ὸίeάὼάίὶ, κe ήξὶὼάίὶξν, wκe ὰκdνὴy eξμώdξ, eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ ὼκέξὶ κνvκὶὼκπξ ίο ὼὰξ wξκέὶξee ίο ὼὰξ ὶξw dώὴξd ίκὴκxšΒ wὰάὴξ ίκὴκxš οκμξν κ dξλξὴὴάίὶ άὶ ὔξdeκdήξὶάκ,ἶ ὢξὶί ὼίίέ κ ὰκdν ὴάὶξ κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὶν νξήκὶνξν, κήίὶπ ίὼὰξd ὼὰάὶπe, ὼὰξ μάὼy ίο ὒάeάλάe, wὰάμὰ ὅήὸξdίd Σίvάκὶ ὰκν eώddξὶνξdξν άὶ 3ἶ3.ἷ ὓὶ ὼὰξ ίὼὰξd ὰκὶν, ὰίwξvξd, wξ μκὶ κὴeί άὶοξd οdίή Κκdeκώήκ e κμμίώὶὼ ὼὰκὼ μίὶlάμὼe ὴάέξ ὼὰξeξ νξﬁὶάὼξὴy μίώὴν λξ eξὼὼὴξν ὸξκμξκλὴy άὶ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy. Κίὼὰ ξήὸάdξe ήκy άὶνξξν ὰκvξ λξξὶ μίὶeὼκὶὼὴy ξκπξd ὼί eκvξ οκμξ κὶν wξdξ ὸdξὸκdξν ὼί ὸdίὼξμὼ ὼὰξάd άὶὼξdξeὼe wάὼὰ ήάὴάὼκdy άὶὼξdvξὶὼάίὶ, άο ὶξμξeeκdyΓ κὶν ὼὰξάd ξfίdὼe ὼί dξνώμξ ὼξὶeάίὶ wξdξ ὶίὼ ὼὰξ dξeώὴὼ ίο κὶy οώὶνκήξὶὼκὴ ὴίvξ ίο ὸξκμξ, λώὼ dκὼὰξd ίο έὶίwὴξνπξ ίο ὼὰξ μίeὼe κὶν dάeέe ὼὰκὼ ίὸξὶ ὰίeὼάὴάὼάξe λξὼwξξὶ λίὼὰ ξήὸάdξe wίώὴν ξὶὼκάὴ.Ἰ έὰξ ξvξὶὼe ίο ἴἸἵ ὶίὶξὼὰξὴξee άὴὴώeὼdκὼξ ὼὰκὼ ξvξὶ νώdάὶπ κ ὸξdάίν wὰξὶ λίὼὰ ήίὶκdμὰe wξdξ ώὶνξd μίὶeάνξdκλὴξ ὸdξeeώdξ, ὼὰξdξ wξdξ ξfξμὼάvξ ήξκὶe ὼί νξοώeξ μίὶlάμὼe, μίὶὼdίὴ ὼξὶeάίὶe wάὼὰίώὼ ὴίeάὶπ οκμξ, κὶν κvίάν wκd. ὓὼὰξdwάeξ άὼ άe άήὸίeeάλὴξ ὼί ξxὸὴκάὶ ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξdξ wκe κ ὼίὼκὴ ίο ίὶὴy οίώd yξκde ίο ὰίeὼάὴάὼάξe λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ ὼὰξ 12ἵ yξκde eάὶμξ ὅήὸξdίd 3 ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Κκdeκώήκ ξὸ. 2.ἵ2ἶ ο. (ὼdκὶeὴκὼξν άὶ Οdξκὼdξx – ὐάξώ 2002Β ἴἸ–ἵ0). Ρὶ ὼὰξ ὸdξeξὶὼ ὸκὸξd, Ρ ίήάὼ ὼὰξ ήκμdίὶe άὶ Ρdκὶάκὶ ὸξdeίὶκὴ ὶκήξe. ὃο. Κὴίμέὴξy 1ἹἹ2Β Ἰἴ ο. Łκzκd 11Ἰ–1ἵἴΓ μο. έὰίήeίὶ 200ἸΒ 1ἶ3ο. Σίe. ὗὼyὴ. 1Ἰ. ὃο. Κὴίμέὴξy 1ἹἹ2Β Ἰἴ. Ρὼ άe wίdὼὰ eὼdξeeάὶπ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ μὴκάή wκe ώὶὲώeὼάﬁξνΓ μο. Κödή 200ἸλΒ 331. ὃο. ὐξξ 200ἷΒ 10ἵ–11ἷ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ1ἷ ίκὴξὶe ὰκν eὼdώμέ κ foedus wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ 3ἷἷ.Ἱ έὰξdξ wκe κὴήίeὼ ώὶάὶὼξddώὸὼξν ὸξκμξ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὼwί ὸίwξde οdίή ἴ22 ὼί ἵ02. έὰάe άe κὴὴ ὼὰξ ήίdξ dξήκdέκλὴξ eάὶμξ ὼὰξeξ vξdy νξμκνξe wάὼὶξeeξν ὸdίμξeeξe ώὶοίὴν ὼὰκὼ wίώὴν ὰκvξ οκd-dξκμὰάὶπ μίὶeξόώξὶμξe ίὶ ὼὰξ ὑξνάὼξddκὶξκὶ wίdὴνΒ άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼ, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ μίὴὴκὸeξν, wὰάὴξ άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ άὼ λκdξὴy eώdvάvξν ὼί λξ dξμίὶeίὴάνκὼξν ώὶνξd Ιὶκeὼκeάώe (ἴἹ1–ἵ1Ἰ).10 Ρὶ ὼὰξ οίὴὴίwάὶπ ὸκπξe, Ρ wάὴὴ eέξὼμὰ ὼὰξ dίὴξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ ὸὴκyξν άὶ ὼὰξeξ νdκήκὼάμ ξvξὶὼe. Ρὶ κ ﬁdeὼ eὼξὸ, ὰίwξvξd, άὼ wάὴὴ λξ ὶξμξeeκdy ὼί μκeὼ κ πὴκὶμξ κὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ λξοίdξ ὼὰξ ὸξdάίν ίο ὸξκμξΒ άὶ ὴάπὰὼ ίο ὼὰξ eξdάίώe ήάὴάὼκdy μίὶlάμὼe ὼὰκὼ ήκdέξν ὼὰξ ﬁdeὼ 1ἶ0 yξκde ίο ὖίήκὶ-ὗκeκὶάκὶ dξὴκὼάίὶe,11 ὼὰξ ὴίὶπ ὸξκμξ ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy eξξήe κὴὴ ὼὰξ ήίdξ άὶ ὶξξν ίο ξxὸὴκὶκὼάίὶ. έὰξ έὰάdν κὶν Ξίώdὼὰ ὃξὶὼώdάξeΒ ὗίὴνάξd ὅήὸξdίde κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe Ρὼ άe ώeώκὴὴy κeeώήξν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξeὼκλὴάeὰήξὶὼ ίο ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ άὶ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy ὃὅ ὰκν eξdάίώe μίὶeξόώξὶμξe οίd ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe.12 Ρὼ άe άὶ οκμὼ ώὶνξὶάκλὴξ ὼὰκὼ ὖίήξ wκe άὶvίὴvξν άὶ ξxὼdξήξὴy μίeὼὴy ήάὴάὼκdy μίὶlάμὼe wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe νώdάὶπ ὼὰάe ὼάήξ. έὰάe ίλeξdvκὼάίὶ ὰκe ὴξν eμὰίὴκde ὼί κeeώήξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὐκὼξd ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ, ώὶνξd μίὶeὼκὶὼ ὼὰdξκὼ άὶ λίὼὰ ὅώdίὸξ κὶν Ιeάκ, οκμξν κ Вeὼdκὼξπάμ νάὴξήήκ« ὼὰκὼ eάπὶάﬁμκὶὼὴy dξνώμξν άὼe οdξξνίή ίο κμὼάίὶ.13 Ρὶ dξμξὶὼ yξκde, ὔξὼξd Πξκὼὰξd άὶ ὸκdὼάμώὴκd ὰκe ὼκέξὶ ὼὰξ άὶlώξὶὼάκὴ ὸίeάὼάίὶ ὼὰκὼ, wὰξὶ ὼὰξ Ιdeκμάνe wξdξ eώμμξξνξν λy ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ 22ἴ ὃὅ, κ Вὗκeκὶάκὶ dξvίὴώὼάίὶ« ὼdκὶeοίdήξν ὔξdeάκ άὶὼί κ Вeώὸξdὸίwξd«1ἴ κὶν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰάe πξίὸίὴάὼάμκὴ μκξeώdκ wκe κμὼώκὴὴy ίὶξ ίο ὼὰξ ήκάὶ dξκeίὶe οίd Ἱ 10 11 12 έὰξίὸὰ. Ιὑ ἵἸἶἷ. ὃο. ὅddάὶπὼίὶ 200ἶΒ ἷ0. ὓὶ Ιὶκeὼκeάώe, Πκκdξd 200ἶ κὶν ὑξάξd 200Ἱ κdξ οώὶνκήξὶὼκὴ. έὰξ ὴκὼξeὼ ίvξdvάξw άe ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200Ἱ. ὃο. κὴeί Οdξκὼdξx 200ἷ. ὃο. ὃὰdάeὼ 1ἹἹἵΒ ἶ3ἴ–ἶἴ0Γ ὔίὼὼξd 200ἴΒ 21ἷΓ ὗίήήξd 2010Β ἷἷ ο.Γ Πίwκdν-Σίὰὶeὼίὶ 2010κΒ 3ἷ ο.Γ Ιὴοöὴνy 2011Β 222Γ Πίyὴκὶν 201ἵΒ 10. Ρὶ ήy ίwὶ ὸdξvάίώe wίdέ Ρ κμμξὸὼξν ὼὰάe vάξwΓ μο. Κödή 201ἵλΒ 2ἴἴ. ὑκὶy ὰκὶνλίίέe κdξ νίήάὶκὼξν λy ὼὰξ vάξw ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὲίάὶὼ Οξdήκὶάμ κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὼὰdξκὼ wκe ξxὼdξήξὴy άήὸίdὼκὶὼΒ Вὄάξ лώßξdξ Κξνdлὶπὶάe νξe ὖξάμὰe wκd zώή πξdάὶπξdξὶ έξάὴ ξάὶξ Ξίὴπξ νξd άὶὶξdξὶ Τdάeξ, zώή πdößξdξὶ έξάὴ ὰάὶπξπξὶ νξdξὶ ήdeκμὰξ. ὄξὶὶ νάξ Κάὴνώὶπ νξd wξeὼπξdήκὶάeμὰξὶ Οdίßeὼлήήξ, νάξ ΰκὶνξdώὶπξὶ νξd ὓeὼπξdήκὶξὶ ώὶν νάξ ὑκμὰὼξdπdξάοώὶπ νξd ὗκeeκὶάνξὶ eάὶν ώὶκλὰлὶπάπ vίὶ άὶὶξddöήάeμὰξὶ Τίὶlάέὼξὶ ξdοίὴπὼ« (ὄξήκὶνὼ 200ἷΒ ἵἴ). 13 ὃο. ὖώλάὶ 1ἹἸἶ. 1ἴ ὃο., ὰίwξvξd, ὗμὰάὸὸήκὶὶ 1ἹἹ0Β Ἰ0–Ἰ3, wὰί ξήὸὰκeάzξe μίὶὼάὶώάὼy. ἶ1Ἰ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ Вμdάeάe«1ἵ ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy.1ἶ Ιοὼξd ὼὰξ λκὼὼὴξe νάξν νίwὶ, ὼὰξ ήξdξ ξxάeὼξὶμξ ίο ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ οίdμξν ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὼί ὶξπὴξμὼ ὼὰξ ὸdίὼξμὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ wξeὼξdὶ ὰκὴο ίο ὼὰξάd ξήὸάdξΓ νξοξὶνάὶπ ὼὰξ wξκὴὼὰy ὅκeὼ wκe ὼίί άήὸίdὼκὶὼ ὼί ὼὰξάd eώdvάvκὴ.1ἷ Πξκὼὰξd ήκάὶὼκάὶe ὼὰκὼ άὼ ὼίίέ κὴήίeὼ κὴὴ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe eὼdξὶπὼὰ ὼί έξξὸ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe κὼ λκy, ὼὰξdξλy ξxὸὴκάὶάὶπ wὰy ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ άὶ ὼὰξ ὴκὼξd οίώdὼὰ κὶν ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe wκe ίvξdwὰξὴήξν κὶν ώὶκλὴξ ὼί νξοξὶν ὼὰξ ΰξeὼ κπκάὶeὼ κὶ ίὶeὴκώπὰὼ ίο λκdλκdάκὶ gentes, ὼὰξ μὰάξο άὶeὼάπκὼίde ίο wὰάμὰ, κμμίdνάὶπ ὼί Πξκὼὰξd, wξdξ ὼὰξ Πώὶe.1Ἰ ΰξ ήάπὰὼ κeέ, ὰίwξvξd, wὰξὼὰξd Πξκὼὰξd e λdάὴὴάκὶὼ dξμίὶeὼdώμὼάίὶ, wὰάμὰ ώὴὼάήκὼξὴy λὴκήξe ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe οίd ὼὰξ οκὴὴ ίο ὼὰξ (ΰξeὼξdὶ) ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ, άe ὶίὼ eίήξwὰκὼ ίὶξ-eάνξν. Ιὴὴ άὶνάμκὼάίὶe, άὼ άe ὼdώξ, eώππξeὼ ὼὰκὼ ξeὸξμάκὴὴy Ιdνκšάd Ρ κὶν Šκλώὰd Ρ ὼίίέ κὶ κππdξeeάvξ eὼκὶμξ κπκάὶeὼ ὖίήξ άὶ ίdνξd ὼί eξμώdξ ὼὰξάd ὸdξμκdάίώe ὸίeάὼάίὶe.1Ἱ έὰξy κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy wκὶὼξν ὶίὼ ίὶὴy ὼί ξὴάήάὶκὼξ ὸίμέξὼe ίο dξeάeὼκὶμξ άὶ Ιdήξὶάκ κὶν Πκὼdκ,20 λώὼ κὴeί ὼί νdάvξ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ίώὼ ίο ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ.21 Πίwξvξd, άο wξ νξμὴκdξ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe οκd ήίdξ ξfξμὼάvξ ὼὰκὶ ὼὰξάd ὸdξνξμξeeίde, wξ dώὶ ὼὰξ dάeέ ίο ὼκέάὶπ ὼὰξ eξὴο-dξὸdξeξὶὼκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ὶξw νyὶκeὼy κὼ οκμξ vκὴώξ. Ρὼ άe κὶyὼὰάὶπ 1ἵ ΰὰξὼὰξd wξ μκὶ κμὼώκὴὴy μκὴὴ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy κ Вμdάeάe ίο ξήὸάdξ« ὰκe λξξὶ νάeὸώὼξν οίd κ πίίν ὼwξὶὼy yξκde. Ρὼ wίώὴν λξ λξyίὶν ὼὰξ eμίὸξ ίο ὼὰάe ὸκὸξd ὼί dξvάξw ὼὰξ άὶὼξὶeξ νξλκὼξ ίὶ ὼὰάe όώξeὼάίὶ ὰξdξΓ άὶeὼξκν, Ρ dξοξd ὼὰξ dξκνξd ὼί Τödὶξd 2011, Ιὴοöὴνy 2011Β 21Ἰ–2ἷ2, κὶν Ιὶνί 2012Β 1Ἰ–ἷἵ. έὰξ μίὶὼdάλώὼάίὶe ὼί Σίὰὶξ 200Ἰκ eξdvξ κe ὼὰξ eὼκdὼάὶπ ὸίάὶὼ οίd κὶy dξeξκdμὰ ίὶ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy. 1ἶ ВΞdίή ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy, wὰξὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ dξvίὴώὼάίὶ wίdέξν άὼe ήκπάμ, ὔξdeάκ wκe άὶνξξν ὼὰξ eξμίὶν πdξκὼ eώὸξdὸίwξd ίο ὼὰξ κὶμάξὶὼ wίdὴν (…). έὰξ ὶξw ήάὴάὼκdy ὼὰdξκὼ ὸίeξν λy ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὸὴώὶπξν ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ άὶὼί κ ήάὴάὼκdy κὶν ﬁeμκὴ μdάeάe ὼὰκὼ ὴκeὼξν ὼὰξ λξeὼ ὸκdὼ ίο ﬁοὼy yξκde« (Πξκὼὰξd 200ἵΒ 3Ἰἶ). ὃο., άὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ, ὖώλάὶ 200Ἰ, wὰί νξeμdάλξe Вὼὰξ ώὶμίήὸdίήάeάὶπ ὼὰdξκὼ ὸίeξν λy Ρdκὶ ὼί ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ίdνξd« κe κ Вήyὼὰ« (130). 1ἷ Вὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ ὰκν ὼί έξξὸ ώὸwκdνe ίο ἴ0 ὸξd μξὶὼ ίο άὼe ήάὴάὼκdy μίήήάὼὼξν ὼί ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ οdίὶὼάξd, κὶν κὶίὼὰξd Ἱ2 ώὶάὼe ίο πκddάeίὶ ὼdίίὸe οίd ὼὰξ νξοξὶμξ ίο ὅπyὸὼ κὶν ὐάλyκ. έὰξ ίὶὴy οίdμξe ὼὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ κώὼὰίdάὼάξe μίώὴν ξvξὶ ὼὰάὶέ ίο ώeάὶπ άὶ ὼὰξ wξeὼ wξdξ ὼὰξ ίὶξ-eάxὼὰ ίο άὼe πκddάeίὶ ὼdίίὸe eὼκὼάίὶξν άὶ ὼὰξ Κκὴέκὶe κὶν ὼὰξ ὼὰdξξ-όώκdὼξde ίο άὼe ﬁξὴν οίdμξe ήώeὼξdξν άὶ ὼὰξ έὰdκμάκὶ κὶν ὼὰξ ὼwί ὸdκξeξὶὼκὴ κdήάξe (…). ὑάὴάὼκdy μίήήάὼήξὶὼe μίώὴν ὶίὼ λξ dξνώμξν ίὶ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ οdίὶὼ« (Πξκὼὰξd 200ἵΒ 3Ἰἷ ο.). 1Ἰ ὃο. Πξκὼὰξd 201ἴ. 1Ἱ ὃο. Κödή 200ἸκΒ ἴ31ο. 20 ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ eάξπξ ίο Πκὼdκ, μο. Πκώeξd 2013κ. 21 ὃκeeάώe ὄάί ξxὸὴάμάὼὴy eὼκὼξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξeὼκλὴάeὰήξὶὼ ίο ὼὰξ ὸdίvάὶμξ ίο λesopotamia άὶ μκ. 1ἹἸ wκe Вκ eίώdμξ ίο μίὶeὼκὶὼ wκde κὶν πdξκὼ ξxὸξὶeξ« ὼί ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶeΓ μο. ὃκee. ὄάί ἷἵ.3.2 ο. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ1Ἱ λώὼ μξdὼκάὶ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe dξκὴὴy dξὸdξeξὶὼξν κ πdξκὼξd ήάὴάὼκdy ὼὰdξκὼ ὼί ὖίήξ ὼὰκὶ ὼὰξ Ιdeκμάνe.22 ὑίdξίvξd, Πξκὼὰξd e dξμίὶeὼdώμὼάίὶ άήὸὴάμάὼὴy ὸdξeώήξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὴκὼξ ὖίήκὶ κdήy wκe ίdπκὶάzξν ήίdξ ξfξμὼάvξὴy ὼὰκὶ άὼ ὰκν λξξὶ ώὶνξd ὼὰξ ὔdάὶμάὸκὼξ,23 οίd ίὶὴy ὼὰάe wκy μίώὴν άὼ ὰκvξ wάὼὰeὼίίν wὰκὼ wκe κὴὴξπξνὴy κ eάπὶάﬁμκὶὼὴy πdξκὼξd ξxὼξdὶκὴ ὼὰdξκὼ. Κώὼ κὴὼὰίώπὰ ὼὰξ exercitus wκe άὶνξξν ὴκdπξd, vξdy οξw ὰάeὼίdάκὶe wίώὴν κdπώξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ κdήάξe άὶ ὼὰξ yξκd 300 wξdξ ήίdξ ξiμάξὶὼ ὼὰκὶ ὼὰίeξ ίο κ μξὶὼώdy λξοίdξ.2ἴ ὓλvάίώeὴy, κοὼξd 2ἶ0, άὼ eξξήξν ὶξμξeeκdy ὼί dξίdπκὶάzξ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ κdήy, λώὼ ὼὰάe dξίdπκὶάzκὼάίὶ wκe κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy ώὶνξdὼκέξὶ οίd κ vκdάξὼy ίο dξκeίὶe, ὶίὼ ὴξκeὼ ὼὰξ ὶξξν ὼί κνὲώeὼ ὼί κ eὼdκὼξπάμ eὰάοὼ ὼὰκὼ ὸὴκμξν πdξκὼξd άήὸίdὼκὶμξ ίὶ μίὶὼdίὴὴάὶπ ὼὰξ ὅήὸάdξ e λίdνξde wάὼὰ limitanei κὶν ήίὶάὼίdάὶπ ὼὰξή ήίdξ μὴίeξὴy eί κe ὼί νξὼξd dκάνξde ὴάέξ ὼὰξ έκyyάʾ ήξὶὼάίὶξν άὶ ὼὰξ άὶὼdίνώμὼάίὶ. Ιὼ κὶy dκὼξ ὼὰξ μίὶὶξμὼάίὶ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξeξ dξοίdήe κὶν ὼὰξ οίdξάπὶ κὶν νίήξeὼάμ ὸίὴάὼάμκὴ eάὼώκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ wκe ὸdίλκλὴy οκd ήίdξ μίήὸὴξx ὼὰκὶ άe ίοὼξὶ κeeώήξν.2ἵ Ρο, ὼὰξὶ, wξ ﬁὶν ὼὰκὼ ὶξάὼὰξd ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy ξfξμὼάvξὶξee ίο ὼὰξ ὐκὼξd ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ wκe vκeὼὴy ξὶὰκὶμξν ὶίd ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe νdκήκὼάμκὴὴy wξκέξὶξν, ὰίw μκὶ wξ ξxὸὴκάὶ ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ, ώὶνξd ὄάίμὴξὼάκὶ κὶν ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶξ, ὖίήξ eξξήξν κλὴξ ὼί eὼκὶν ώὸ ὼί άὼe οίdξάπὶ ξὶξήάξe eί ήώμὰ λξὼὼξd ὼὰκὶ ὰκὴο κ μξὶὼώdy λξοίdξΗ2ἶ Ρὶ ήy vάξw, ὼὰξ κὶewξd άe ίλvάίώeΒ wξ ὰκvξ ὼί ὼώdὶ ίώd κὼὼξὶὼάίὶ ὼί ὼὰξ άὶὼξdὶκὴ μίὶlάμὼe άὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ.2ἷ Ινήάὼὼξνὴy, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe νίήξeὼάμ κὶν οίdξάπὶ ὸdίλὴξήe ὰκν κὴwκye λξξὶ μὴίeξὴy άὶὼξdὼwάὶξν, κὶν ὼὰξ eάὼώκὼάίὶ ὰκν ώὶνίώλὼξνὴy λξξὶ μίήὸὴάμκὼξν λy ὼὰξ dάeξ ίο ήκὲίd Οξdήκὶάμ 22 ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὔκdὼὰάκὶe, μο. ὄąλdίwκ 2012 κὶν Πκώeξd 2013λ, wὰί κὴeί ξήὸὰκeάzξe ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy ήάπὰὼ ίο ὼὰξ Ιdeκμάνe (Πκώeξd 200ἶ). ὢάξπὴξd 1Ἱἶἴ dξήκάὶe οώὶνκήξὶὼκὴ ίὶ ὖίήκὶ-ὔκdὼὰάκὶ dξὴκὼάίὶeΓ eξξ κὴeί Οüὶὼὰξd 1Ἱ22. Πίwξvξd, ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe wξdξ – κὼ ὴξκeὼ κμμίdνάὶπ ὼί ὖίήκὶ κώὼὰίde – ήώμὰ λξὼὼξd κὼ eάξπξ ὼὰκὶ ὼὰξ ὔκdὼὰάκὶeΒ μon aries illis, non ulla est machina belli: Haud fossas implere valent: Parthoque sequente murus erit, quodcumque potest obstare sagittae. pugna levis, bellumque fugax, turmaeque vagante, et melior cessisse loco, quam pellere, milesΓ ὐώμ. ὔὰκde. Ἰ.3ἷἷ–3Ἰ1. ὃο. έκμ. Ιὶὶ. 12.ἴἵ. ὓὶ ὗκeκὶάκὶ eάξπξ μdκοὼ μο. Κödή 200ἷΒ 1ἶἹ–1ἷ1. 23 ὃο. ὔξκμὰάὶ 200ἶ. 2ἴ ὃο. Σίὶξe 1ἹἶἴΒ ἶἴἶ–ἶἴἹΓ ὒάμκeάξ 1ἹἹἸΓ ὗὰκw 1ἹἹἹΒ 13ἴ–1ἴἵΓ ὅὴὼίὶ 200ἶΓ ὄξήκὶνὼ 200ἷΒ 323ο.Γ ὑάὼμὰξὴὴ 201ἵΒ 1ἷἶ–1Ἰἵ. 2ἵ Ξίd κ πίίν eέξὼμὰ, eξξ ὔίὼὼξd 200ἴΒ 2ἶἸ–2Ἱ0 κὶν 3ἶἴ–ἴ00. 2ἶ ὃο. Τώὴάέίweέά 200ἶΒ 3ἵἷ–3ἶἵ. 2ἷ Πκdὼήκὶὶ 1ἹἸ2 ήκy λξ ὸκdὼὴy ίώὼ ίο νκὼξ, λώὼ άὶ ήκὶy dξeὸξμὼe άὼ dξήκάὶe κὶ άὴὴώήάὶκὼάὶπ κὶκὴyeάe ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν-μξὶὼώdy ώeώdὸκὼάίὶe. Πκdὼήκὶὶ ὸκdὼάμώὴκdὴy ξήὸὰκeάzξe ὼὰξ λίdνξd κdήάξe ὶξξν οίd KaisernäheΓ μο. κὴeί Τödὶξd 2002Β 301 κὶν Σίὰὶξ 200Ἰ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὸίeάὼάίὶ ίο κ ὖίήκὶ princeps, eξξ οώdὼὰξd Ξὴκάπ 1ἹἹ2Β 1ἷἴ–20Ἱ. ἶ20 Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὼdάλξe (ὼὰξ eί-μκὴὴξν Großstämme).2Ἰ έὰξdξ wκe πdξκὼξd ὸdξeeώdξ ὼὰκὶ λξοίdξ.2Ἱ έὰξdξ άe ὼὰώe ὶί νξμάeάvξ ὸdίίο ὼὰκὼ ὖίήξ e eὼdάέάὶπ eώμμξeeξe κπκάὶeὼ οίdξάπὶ ξὶξήάξe, eάὶμξ ὼὰξ dξάπὶ ίο ὔdίλώe (2ἷἶ–2Ἰ2) κὼ ὼὰξ ὴκὼξeὼ,30 wξdξ ὸdάήκdάὴy κ μίὶeξόώξὶμξ ίο ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ κνήάὶάeὼdκὼάίὶ ὰκν eὼκλάὴάzξν άὼe νίήξeὼάμ eάὼώκὼάίὶ κὶν μίώὴν νξὸὴίy ὼὰξ ὴξπάίὶe ήίdξ οdξόώξὶὼὴy ίὶ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼάξde. ὡξὼ ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe ὶίdήκὴὴy κὴwκye νάeὸκὼμὰξν οίdξάπὶ ξὶξήάξe ξκeάὴy wὰξὶ ὼὰξ ὅήὸάdξ wκe ὶίὼ wξκέξὶξν λy μάvάὴ wκd eὼdίὶπὴy eώππξeὼe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξxὼξὶὼ ίο ὼὰξ Вeὼdκὼξπάμ νάὴξήήκ« ίο ὼὰξ ὐκὼξd ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ eὰίώὴν ὶίὼ λξ ίvξdξeὼάήκὼξν. Ρ ὰκvξ ὶί άὶὼξὶὼάίὶ ὼί νάeὸώὼξ ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe μίώὴν άὶνξξν dξὸdξeξὶὼ κ eξdάίώe ὼὰdξκὼ ὼί ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ – μξdὼκάὶὴy ήώμὰ ήίdξ eί ὼὰκὶ ὼὰξ μίὶοξνξdκὼάίὶe ίο Οξdήκὶάμ ὼdάλξe, wὰί ὶίdήκὴὴy eὼάὴὴ μίώὴν ὶίὼ wάὼὰeὼκὶν κ wξὴὴ-ὴξν ὖίήκὶ κdήy άὶ κ ὸάὼμὰξν λκὼὼὴξ. έὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe wξdξ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ίὶὴy ὶξάπὰλίde wὰί μίώὴν ήκὼμὰ ὼὰξάd ήάὴάὼκdy ήάπὰὼ ίvξd ὼὰξ ὴίὶπ ὼξdή.31 Κώὼ κὴdξκνy οίd ὼὰξ wκde ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy, άὼ άe κὶyὼὰάὶπ λώὼ μὴξκd wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe wξdξ dξκὴὴy ὼὰξ κππdξeeίde κὶν eὼίὴξ ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy άὶάὼάκὼάvξ οdίή ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde, άὶ ίὼὰξd wίdνe, wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ όώκὴάὼy ίο ὼὰξ μίὶlάμὼe dξκὴὴy μὰκὶπξν wάὼὰ ὼὰξ οκὴὴ ίο ὼὰξ Ιdeκμάνe. ὑκὶy eμὰίὴκde ὼίνκy κdξ άὶμὴάὶξν ὼί λξὴάξvξ ὼὰκὼ Ιdνκšάd Ρ (22ἴ–2ἴ0), μίὶὼdκdy ὼί ὖίήκὶ eίώdμξe,32 ήκνξ ὶί μὴκάή ὼί οίdήξd Ιμὰκξήξὶάν ὼξddάὼίdάξe άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼΓ33 κὶν ὼὰξdξ άe ὶί ξvάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ ὰάe eίὶ κὶν eώμμξeeίd κeὸάdξν ὼί μίὶόώξd ὼὰξ ὴκὶνe ίὶ ὼὰξ dάπὰὼ λκὶέ ίο ὼὰξ ὅώὸὰdκὼξe.3ἴ έὰξ Res gestae Divi ρaporis λὴκήξ ὼὰξ wκde ίὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe – κὴλξάὼ vκπώξὴy – οίd λdξκμὰ ίο ὼdξκὼy.3ἵ ὒκὼώdκὴὴy, ὼὰάe μὴκάή άe eώeὸξμὼ, λώὼ άὼ eὰίώὴν ὶίὼ λξ νάeήάeeξν wάὼὰίώὼ μίὶeάνξdκὼάίὶΒ κὴὼὰίώπὰ ίώd eίώdμξe οίd ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy κdξ ὼίί eμκὶὼy ὼί άνξὶὼάοy ὼὰξ dξκὴ μώὴὸdάὼe κὶν ὼί νάeὼάὶπώάeὰ ὸdξὼξxὼe οdίή μκώeξe, ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὖίήκὶ-ὔξdeάκὶ μίὶlάμὼe vξdy ίοὼξὶ ὼίίέ ὸὴκμξ ὸdξμάeξὴy wὰξὶ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde ὰκν κλώὶνκὶὼ ίὼὰξd ώdπξὶὼ ὸdίλὴξήe ὼί κὼὼξὶν ὼί άe λy ὶί ήξκὶe ξvάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξeξ μίὶlάμὼe wξdξ οίdμξν ίὶ ὼὰξή λy ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe. 2Ἰ ὃο. ὄξήκὶνὼ 1ἹἹ3Γ Πκὴeκὴὴ 200ἷΒ 11Ἰ–13ἶΓ Κὴξμέήκὶὶ 200ἹΒ 1ἶἸ–1Ἱ0. ὗὸdάὶπξd 200ἶ μdάὼάμάzξe ὼὰξ μίὶvξὶὼάίὶκὴ ὼξdή Großstämme. 2Ἱ ὃο. ὒüeeξ 2013 (wάὼὰ οώdὼὰξd ὴάὼξdκὼώdξ) ίὶ μὰκὶπξe άὶ ὼὰξ Germania λagna νώdάὶπ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy. ὗξξ κὴeί ΰὰάὼὼκέξd 1ἹἹἴΒ 132–1Ἱ1. 30 ὃο. Τdξώμὰξd 2003Β Ἱ1–1Ἰἶ. 31 ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ κdήy, μο. Πίwκdν-Σίὰὶeὼίὶ 2012. ὃο. κὴeί ὗὰκὰλκzά 1ἹἸἷ κὶν ὐξξ 2013. 32 ὃκee. ὄάί Ἰ0.ἴ.1ο.Γ Πξdίν. ἶ.2.1ο. 33 ὃο. Πώyeξ 2002Γ Τξὼὼξὶὰίοξὶ 2002Γ ὔίὼὼξd 200ἴΒ 223–22ἶ. 3ἴ ὃο. ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200ἹΒ ἶ1–ἶ3. 3ἵ ὃο. ŠΤὢ Ἱ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ21 ὓὶ ὼὰξ μίὶὼdκdy, ὸdξμάeξὴy οίd principes eώμὰ κe ὗξvξdώe Ιὴξxκὶνξd (222– 23ἵ),3ἶ Οίdνάκὶ ΡΡΡ (23Ἰ–2ἴἴ),3ἷ ίκὴξdάκὶ (2ἵ3–2ἶ0),3Ἰ κὶν ὃκdώe (2Ἰ2–2Ἰ3),3Ἱ wὰίeξ dξπάήξe eὼίίν ίὶ vξdy eὰκέy πdίώὶν,ἴ0 ὼὰξ ὸdίeὸξμὼ ίο κ πὴίdάίώe ὔξdeάκὶ vάμὼίdy ήκy ὰκvξ ξὶὼάμξν ὼὰξή ὼί ὶξπὴξμὼ ίὼὰξd οdίὶὼeἴ1 κὶν ὸίὼξὶὼάκὴὴy κὴeί λdξκέ foedera wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe. έὰξ άὶμίήὸκdκλὴξ ὸdξeὼάπξ ίο κ eώμμξeeοώὴ ὔξdeάκὶ wκd, άνξκὴὴy μώὴήάὶκὼάὶπ άὶ ὼὰξ eκμέ ίο ὃὼξeάὸὰίὶ, ήκy ὰκvξ ὴώdξν ὲώeὼ eώμὰ ξήὸξdίde ὼί κὼὼκμέ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe, νξeὸάὼξ ὼὰξάd ίὼὰξd νάiμώὴὼάξe.ἴ2 ὔdξμάeξὴy λξμκώeξ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὰκν ὸκάν eώμὰ κ ὰάπὰ ὸdάμξ ὼί ὴξκdὶ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe wξdξ νκὶπξdίώe κνvξdeκdάξe,ἴ3 κ vάμὼίdy ίvξd ὼὰξή wίώὴν ὰκvξ λξξὶ ξeὸξμάκὴὴy κὼὼdκμὼάvξ. Ρὼ μκὶ ὰκdνὴy λξ κ μίάὶμάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ άὶπὴίdάίώe yίώὼὰ Οίdνάκὶ ΡΡΡ ξvξὶ μξὴξλdκὼξν ὰάe ξxὸξνάὼάίὶ ὼί ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ λy ίὸξὶάὶπ ὼὰξ ὼξήὸὴξ ίο Σκὶώe.ἴἴ Ιe οκd κe Ρ μκὶ eξξ, ὶί Augustus wὰί vάμὼίdάίώeὴy ὴξν ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὔκdὼὰάκὶe ίd ὗκeκὶάκὶe wκe ξvξd 3ἶ ΰάὼὰ άὼe λάzκddξὴy ξxκππξdκὼξν νξὸάμὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd e κὴὴξπξν eώμμξeeξe, ὼὰξ τita ίο ὗξvξdώe Ιὴξxκὶνξd άὶ ὼὰξ Historia Augusta ήκy dξlξμὼ μίὶὼξήὸίdκdy άήὸξdάκὴ eξὴο-dξὸdξeξὶὼκὼάίὶΒ magno igitur apparatu inde in Persas profectus Artaxerxen regem potentissimum vicit, cum ipse cornua obiret, milites admoneret, subiectus telis versaretur, manu plurimum faceret, singulos quosque milites ad laudem verbis adduceret. fuso denique fugatoque tanto rege, qui cum septingentis elephantis falcatisque mille et octingentis curribus ad bellum venerat et equitum multis milibus, statim Antiochiam rediit et de praeda, quam Persis diripuit, suum ditavit exercitum, cum et tribunos ea quae per vicos diripuerant et duces et ipsos milites habere iussissetΓ ΠΙ ὗξv. Ιὴξx. ἵἵ.1ο. ὃο. Ρeκκμ 1ἹἹ2Β 3ἷ2–ἴ1Ἰ, wὰί μίὶμὴώνξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ eίώdμξe ώὶκὶάήίώeὴy μάὼξ ὼὰξ όώξeὼ οίd πὴίdy κὶν ὸὴώὶνξd κe ὼὰξ dξκeίὶ οίd wκd, λώὼ ήκy ὶίὼ eώiμάξὶὼὴy κμμίώὶὼ οίd ὼὰξ ὼίὸάμκὴ ὶκὼώdξ ίο ὼὰάe μdάὼάμάeή κὶν ὼὰξ άὶὼξὶνξν Kaiserkritik λξὰάὶν ήκὶy eώμὰ ὼξxὼe. ὓὶ κὶὼάήίὶκdμὰάμ νάeμίώdeξ άὶ ὼὰξ Historia Augusta, eξξ ὶίw Πκκέξ 201ἵ. 3ἷ ὓὶ Οίdνάκὶ e ὔξdeάκὶ wκd, eξξ ήίeὼ dξμξὶὼὴy Πξddήκὶὶ 2013Β 132–1ἶ3. 3Ἰ ὃο. Οὴκe 201ἴΒ 31Ἱ–3ἴ1. 3Ἱ ὃο. Ιὴὼήκyξd 201ἴΒ Ἰἷ–120. ἴ0 ὃο. Πώὼὼὶξd 200ἸΓ Οίὴὼz – Πκdὼήκὶὶ 200ἸΓ Πκκέξ 201ἶ. ἴ1 Πξdίνάκὶ e κμμίώὶὼ ίο ὼὰξ yξκd 233, οίd ξxκήὸὴξ, νdκwe κ νάdξμὼ μίὶὶξμὼάίὶ λξὼwξξὶ Οξdήκὶάμ ὸὴώὶνξdάὶπ dκάνe κὶν ὼὰξ ὼdκὶeοξd ίο ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe οdίή ὼὰξ ὖὰάὶξ ὼί ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ (Πξdίν. ἶ.ἷ.2 ο.) ὼὰκὼ ὸdξμξνξν ὼὰξή. Ιὸὸκdξὶὼὴy κ ὖίήκὶ κeeκώὴὼ άὶ 231 (ὃΡὐ ὠΡΡΡ Ἰ01ἷ) ὰκν ὶίὼ ὸdίvάνξν eώiμάξὶὼ νξὼξddξὶμξ. έὰξ ὴκdπξ-eμκὴξ ὸώὶάὼάvξ ξxὸξνάὼάίὶ ώὶνξd ὑκxάήάὶώe έὰdκx (23ἵ–23Ἰ) ὼὰώe ὸξὶξὼdκὼξν κe οκd κe ήίνξdὶ ὐίwξd ὗκxίὶyΓ μο. ὐξὰήκὶὶ 2011Β 102–112. ἴ2 ὓὶ ὼὰξ νίήξeὼάμ ὸίὴάὼάμκὴ λκμέπdίώὶν, μο. Ρeκκμ 1ἹἹ2Β Вέὰξdξ wκe ὶί Οdκὶν ὗὼdκὼξπy ώὶνξdὴyάὶπ ὖίήκὶ οdίὶὼάξd ὸίὴάμy (…). έὰξ ήξμὰκὶάeή ίο νξμάeάίὶ-ήκέάὶπ wκe άὶlώξὶμξν ὸdάήκdάὴy λy ὼὰξ άὶὼξdξeὼe ίο ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd άὶ eκοξπώκdνάὶπ ὰάe ὸίeάὼάίὶ κὶν ξὶὰκὶμάὶπ ὰάe πὴίdy« (ἴ1ἶ). ἴ3 ὃο. ὼὰξ ίvξdvάξw άὶ ὄάπὶκe – ΰάὶὼξd 200ἷΒ 1Ἰ–32 κὶν ἷ1–Ἰἴ. ἴἴ Ιώd. ίάμὼ. ὴάλ. ὃκξe. 2ἷ.ἷ. ἶ22 Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ίvξdὼὰdίwὶ.ἴἵ Ιὶν wάὼὰ ξvξdy νξοξκὼ ὼὰκὼ ὖίήξ eώfξdξν άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ, ὶίὼ ίὶὴy νάν ὼὰξ μὰκὶμξ ίο ήκέάὶπ ίὶξeξὴο ώὶκeeκάὴκλὴξ wάὼὰ κ vάμὼίdy άὶμdξκeξ, λώὼ κὴeί ὸώλὴάμ ὸdξeeώdξ ὼί ὼκέξ dξvξὶπξ ίὶ ὼὰξ λκdλκdάκὶe κὶν dξeὼίdξ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ e ὰίὶίd.ἴἶ ὅvξὶ imitatio Alexandri ήκy ὰκvξ ὸὴκyξν κ ὸκdὼ.ἴἷ Ρο ὼὰάe ὰyὸίὼὰξeάe άe μίddξμὼ, ὼὰξὶ ὼὰξ μίeὼὴy eὼdώππὴξe ίὶ ὼὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ οdίὶὼάξd wξdξ κὶ ξὸάὸὰξὶίήξὶίὶ ίο ὼὰξ dκὸάν νξeὼκλάὴάzκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ ήίὶκdμὰy eάὶμξ ὼὰξ dξάπὶ ίο ὗξὸὼάήάώe ὗξvξdώe (1Ἱ3–211), wὰίeξ expeditio felicissima λesopotamenaἴἸ ήκy ὰκvξ eξdvξν κe κ λὴώξὸdάὶὼ οίd ὰάe eώμμξeeίde.ἴἹ Ρὼ wκe άὶνξξν ὰκdνὴy ὼὰξ μκeξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ έάὶπe eyeὼξήκὼάμκὴὴy ὼίίέ κνvκὶὼκπξ ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe wξκέὶξee ὼί eὼκπξ κὼὼκμέe. ὖκὼὰξd, άὼ ήώeὼ ὰκvξ λξξὶ κὼὼdκμὼάvξ οίd wξκέ ξήὸξdίde ὼί κὴὴίw μίὶlάμὼe wάὼὰ ὔξdeάκ ὼί ξeμκὴκὼξ κὶν ὼί wκπξ wκd άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ άὶ ίdνξd ὼί άήὸdίvξ ὼὰξάd ὸdξμκdάίώe ὸίeάὼάίὶ κὼ ὰίήξ.ἵ0 Ι ὴκdπξὴy ὶίὶ-ήάὴάὼκdy eξὴο-dξὸdξeξὶὼκὼάίὶ, κe ὰκν λξξὶ ὸίeeάλὴξ οίd κ princeps ὴάέξ Πκνdάκὶ (11ἷ–13Ἰ)ἵ1 κὶν wὰάμὰ ξvξὶ ὗξvξdώe Ιὴξxκὶνξd κὶν ὰάe κνvάeίde ὸdίλκλὴy άὶάὼάκὴὴy ὸώdeώξν, eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ μξκeξν ὼί λξ κ ὸdίήάeάὶπ ὴίὶπ-ὼξdή eώdvάvκὴ eὼdκὼξπy οίd Augusti κοὼξd 23ἵ. έὰάe ήκy κὴeί ὰκvξ λξξὶ ὼdώξ cum grano salis οίd ήξὶ eώμὰ κe ὼὰξ Persicus λaximusἵ2 Οκὴξdάώe (2Ἱ3–311), ἴἵ ὗίήξ μκeξe μίώὴν λξ νάeὸώὼξν. ὑκμdάὶώe wκe ίvξdὼὰdίwὶ άὶ 21Ἰ νξeὸάὼξ ὰάe κὼὼξήὸὼ ὼί κὸὸξκd κe ὼὰξ μίὶόώξdίd ίο ὼὰξ ὔκdὼὰάκὶeΓ κὶ κώὼὰίd ὴάέξ ὃκeeάώe ὄάί, ὰίwξvξd, νάν ὶίὼ dξπκdν ὰάή κe eώμὰΓ μο. ὃκee. ὄάί ἷἹ.2ἶ.2–ἷἹ.2ἷ.3. έὰξ eκήξ άe ὼdώξ ίο ὗξvξdώe Ιὴξxκὶνξd, wὰί άe ὶίὼ κὼ κὴὴ ὸίdὼdκyξν κe κ ὰξdί άὶ ὼὰξ eίώdμξ μὴίeξeὼ άὶ ὼάήξ ὼί ὰάe dξάπὶ (Πξdίν. ἶ.ἶ.1–3)Γ κὶν ὼὰξ eίώdμξe ὴάέξwάeξ νί ὶίὼ νξὸάμὼ ὔὰάὴάὸ ὼὰξ Ιdκλ κe κ vάμὼίd ίvξd ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶeΓ μο. ὢίe. 3.32. έὰξ ήίeὼ ὸὴκώeάλὴξ ξxμξὸὼάίὶ wίώὴν λξ ὃκdώe, wὰί ξvξὶ ήκὶκπξν ὼί dκὶeκμέ ὃὼξeάὸὰίὶ (ὅώὼdίὸ. Ἱ.1Ἰ.1Γ Ξξeὼ. λdξv. 2ἴ)Γ yξὼ ὼὰξ μάdμώήeὼκὶμξe ίο ὰάe νξκὼὰ κdξ ήyeὼξdάίώe (μο. Ιὴὼήκyξd 201ἴΒ 120–132), κὶν ὰξ κὼ ὴξκeὼ νίξe ὶίὼ κὸὸξκd ὼί ὰκvξ οκὴὴξὶ vάμὼάή ὼί κ ώeώdὸκὼάίὶ (ὢίὶ. 12.30). ὃὴξκdὴy ὰάe eίὶe ὒώήξdάκὶ κὶν ὃκdάὶώe wξdξ ώὶκλὴξ ὼί μκὸάὼκὴάzξ ίὶ ὼὰξάd οκὼὰξd e vάμὼίdy ίvξd ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe. ἴἶ ὅκdὴy άὶ Ιώπώeὼώe ὸdάὶμάὸκὼξ, ὰξ κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy wκe ξxὸξμὼξν ὼί κvξὶπξ ὃdκeeώe νξοξκὼ άὶ ἵ3 Κὃὅ. έὰξ άήήξὶeξ ξfίdὼe ίο ὼὰξ ﬁdeὼ princeps ὼί ὼdκὶeοίdή ὼὰξ νάὸὴίήκὼάμ κπdξξήξὶὼ dξκμὰξν 20 Κὃὅ άὶὼί κ μὴξκd vάμὼίdy πάvξe ώe eίήξ άήὸdξeeάίὶ ίο ὰίw ὸdξμκdάίώe ὼὰξ νξμάeάίὶ ὼί οίdξπί κ dάeέy μκήὸκάπὶ ήώeὼ ὰκvξ λξξὶ. ὃο. έάήὸξ 1ἹἷἵΓ Τάξὶκeὼ 200ἹΒ 3ἴ2–3ἴἵ. ἴἷ ὃο. Τüὰὶξὶ 200Ἰ. ἴἸ Ρὐὗ Ἱ0ἹἸΓ Ιὅ 1ἹἸἵ, Ἰ2Ἱ. ἴἹ ᾽ ἐ ῖ ἐ , ἐ ἐ ῖ ἐ ἰ ῃ Γ ὃκee. ὄάί ἷἶ.Ἱ.2. ἵ0 Ιμμίdνάὶπ ὼί ὼὰξ Historia Augusta, ὼὰξ eὰίdὼ-ὴάvξν princeps ὔώὸάξὶώe κὴeί ὸὴκὶὶξν κ ήκὲίd μκήὸκάπὶ κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ ὼὰξ ήάνeὼ ίο ὼὰξ μὰκίe ίο 23Ἰ, ὼὰξ ὡξκd ίο ὼὰξ ὗάx ὅήὸξdίde (ΠΙ ὑκx. ξὼ ὔώὸ. 13.ἵ)Γ ξvξὶ άο Πξdίνάκὶ eκye ὶίὼὰάὶπ κλίώὼ κὶy eώμὰ ώὶνξdὼκέάὶπ, ὼὰκὼ νίξe ὶίὼ dξοώὼξ ὼὰξ ὰάeὼίdάμάὼy ίο ὼὰάe dξὸίdὼΓ μο. Κdκὶνὼ 200ἶΒ 20 ο. ἵ1 ὃο. Οίὼὼξd 201ἵΒ 22ἵο. ἵ2 ὓὶ ὼὰξ ξὸάὼὰξὼ Persicus λaximus, wὰάμὰ άὶμdξκeάὶπὴy dξὸὴκμξν Parthicus λaximus Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ23 ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάώe ΡΡ (33ἷ–3ἶ1),ἵ3 Σώὴάκὶ (3ἵἵ–3ἶ3), κὶν ίκὴξὶe (3ἶἴ–3ἷἸ),ἵἴ eάὶμξ ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ ήίὶκdμὰy eὼάὴὴ dξήκάὶξν ὸdξμκdάίώe άὶ ὼὰξ οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdy.ἵἵ ὅvξὶ ὼὰξ expeditio Persica ὸὴκὶὶξν λy ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶξ ὼὰξ Οdξκὼ (30ἶ–33ἷ) ήάπὰὼ λξ κὶ ξxκήὸὴξ,ἵἶ eάὶμξ κ eώμμξeeοώὴ Augustus μίώὴν μdίwὶ ὰάe dξάπὶ wάὼὰ κ ὔξdeάκὶ wκd.ἵἷ Ρὼ ὼὰώe άe ὸὴκώeάλὴξ ὼὰκὼ ὶξάὼὰξd ὼὰξ dάeξ ίο ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὶίd κ Вὗκeκὶάκὶ dξvίὴώὼάίὶ« wξdξ μὰάξly dξeὸίὶeάλὴξ οίd ὼὰξ οdξόώξὶὼ ὔξdeάκὶ wκde οίώπὰὼ λy ὼὰξ Вeίὴνάξd ξήὸξdίde« ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν κὶν οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe. Ρὼ wίώὴν, ίο μίώdeξ, μξdὼκάὶὴy λξ ήάeὼκέξὶ ὼί ὸὴκμξ κὴὴ ὼὰξ λὴκήξ οίd ὼὰξeξ μίὶlάμὼe ίὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὴίὶξ. ὗξὴο-κeeώdξν dώὴξde ὴάέξ Šκλώὰd Ρ (2ἴ0–2ἷ3) κὶν Šκλώὰd ΡΡ (30Ἱ–3ἷἹ) wξdξ ὰκdνὴy ήξdξ vάμὼάήe, λώὼ dκὼὰξd άὶνξὸξὶνξὶὼ κμὼίde wὰί μξdὼκάὶὴy νάν ὶίὼ eὰy κwκy οdίή ήάὴάὼκdy μίὶοdίὶὼκὼάίὶe.ἵἸ έὰξ ξκdὴy ὗκeκὶάκὶ έάὶπe ήώeὼ ώὶνίώλὼξνὴy ὰκvξ κeὸάdξν ὼί ὸdίvξ ὼὰξάd ήάὴάὼκdy μίήὸξὼξὶμξ κὶν vάμὼίdάίώe ὴξκνξdeὰάὸ.ἵἹ ὑίdξίvξd, ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd e ὼὰάdeὼ οίd πὴίdy wκe ὰκdνὴy ὼὰξ ίὶὴy οκμὼίd άὶlώξὶμάὶπ ὖίήκὶ οίdξάπὶ ὸίὴάμy.ἶ0 ὡξὼ ὼὰξ dξlξμὼάίὶe κλίvξ ήκy ἵ3 ἵἴ ἵἵ ἵἶ ἵἷ ἵἸ ἵἹ ἶ0 κοὼξd 2ἶ0, μο. ξ. π. ὃΡὐ ὠ ἴἷἸἴΓ Ρὐὗ ἸἹἴ2. Οκὴὴάξὶώe (2ἵ3–2ἶἸ) eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ λξξὶ ὼὰξ ﬁdeὼ ξήὸξdίd ὼί λξκd ὼὰάe ὼάὼὴξ (ὃΡὐ ίΡΡΡ 22ἷἶἵ), vξdy ὸdίλκλὴy ίὶ κμμίώὶὼ ίο ὼὰξ vάμὼίdάξe wίὶ λy ὼὰξ ὔκὴήydξὶξe, wὰάμὰ ὰξ wάeὰξν ὼί μὴκάή οίd ὰάήeξὴο. έὰξ λξπάὶὶάὶπ ίο ὼὰξ κὶίὶyήίώe Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum (ξeὸ. Ἰ–11) vάvάνὴy eώήήκdάzξe ὼὰξ μίddξeὸίὶνάὶπ ξxὸξμὼκὼάίὶe άὶ μάὼάὶπ Ιὴξxκὶνξd κὶν έdκὲκὶ κe ήίνξὴe. ὓὶ ίκὴξὶe, μο. ὐξὶeέά 2002, wὰί κeeώήξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd άὶάὼάκὴὴy ὰκν κμὼξν νξοξὶeάvξὴy άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ κὶν wάeὰξν ὼί κvίάν κ wκd, κὴὼὰίώπὰ ὰξ κὴeί μίὶμξνξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼάξd ὰκν ὸdξeώήκλὴy λξξὶ ήίdξ eὼκλὴξ eάὶμξ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ ίο 3ἶ3 ὼὰκὶ ὖίήκὶ eίώdμξe eώππξeὼ (1ἶἷ ο.). ὃο. ΰάξὶκὶν 201ἵ. ὃο. ὐώὼὰξd 2011. ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὸὰκeξ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ ίο 2ἹἸ κὶν ὼὰξ dξὶξwξν ίώὼλdξκέ ίο ὰίeὼάὴάὼάξe, eξξ ὼὰξ ὼὰίdίώπὰ κὶκὴyeάe ίο ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200ἹΒ 1ἵἷ–1Ἱ1. ςoto enim orbe pacatis gentibus (…) cunctis in Persas descendebat agminibusΓ Ξξeὼ. λdξv. 2ἶΓ ῖ , ἐ , ,ἐ ᾶ Γ ὅώe. ίάὼ. ὃίὶeὼ. ἴ.ἵἶ.1ο. έὰώe ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ξfίdὼe ὼί dξvάeξ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ ίο 2ἹἸ (ὔξὼd. ὔκὼd. οdπ. 1ἴ) ήκy ὰκvξ ὸὴκyξν κ ὸκdὼ άὶ ὼὰξ μίὶlάμὼe ὸdάίd ὼί 3ἶ3. έὰξ μίὶμξeeάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ regiones ςranstigritanae (μο. ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200ἹΒ 13ἴ–1ἴἷ) wάὴὴ ὰκvξ λξξὶ ξeὸξμάκὴὴy ώὶὸκὴκὼκλὴξ οίd ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ίvξd ὼὰξ ὴίὶπ ὼξdή. ὃο. ὄάπὶκe – ΰάὶὼξd 200ἷΒ Ἰἴ–ἸἸ, wὰί, ὰίwξvξd, κeeώήξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ foedus ίο 2ἹἸ wκe ὶίὼ ὰώήάὴάκὼάὶπ οίd ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe. ὃο. ΰὰάὼλy 1ἹἹἴΓ ΰάξeξὰöοξd 2011. ὃο. ὄdάὲvξde 200ἹΒ ἴἴἶΒ Вέί eώeὼκάὶ κὶν ὴξπάὼάήκὼξ ὼὰξάd ὸίeάὼάίὶ κe dώὴξde ίvξd ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ, ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ έάὶπe ὰκν ὼί eὰίw ὼὰξάd eώὸξdάίdάὼy ὼίwκdν άὶὼξdὶκὴ dάvκὴe λy eώμμξeeξe κὶν vάμὼίdάξe ίὶ ὼὰξ λκὼὼὴξﬁξὴν.« ὓὶ ὼὰξ xvarrah ίο ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ dώὴξde, μο. ὗίώνκvκd 2003. ὓὶ μὰκdάeήκὼάμ ὴξκνξdeὰάὸ άὶ κὶὼάόώάὼy, μο. Οίὼὼξd 200Ἰ. ὃο. Οdξκὼdξx 200ἷ οίd κ νξὼκάὴξν νάeμώeeάίὶ. ἶ2ἴ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὰξὴὸ ώe λξὼὼξd ώὶνξdeὼκὶν ὼὰξ ήκdέξνὴy ὸξκμξοώὴ dξὴκὼάίὶe λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy. έὰξ Ξάοὼὰ ὃξὶὼώdyΒ ὔκὴκμξ ὅήὸξdίde κὶν ὔὴώὶνξdξde έὰξ ξλλάὶπ ίο ήάὴάὼκdy μίὶοdίὶὼκὼάίὶe κοὼξd 3ἷἸ άe ίοὼξὶ ξxὸὴκάὶξν wάὼὰ ὼὰξ κdπώήξὶὼ ὼὰκὼ λίὼὰ ξήὸάdξe wξdξ eί μίήήάὼὼξν ὼί ίὼὰξd οdίὶὼe άὶ ὼὰξ ὴκὼξ οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdy ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξy ὰκν ὼί ὴξὼ ὼὰξάd Вξὼξdὶκὴ οξών« (έ. ὑίήήeξὶ) dξeὼ ίώὼ ίο ὸίὴάὼάμκὴ μίὶeάνξdκὼάίὶe.ἶ1 Ι οξw yξκde κπί, Σκήξe ΠίwκdνΣίὰὶeὼίὶ κdπώξν ὼὰκὼ eάὶμξ ὼὰξ κὸὸξκdκὶμξ ίο ὼὰξ ὃὰάίὶάὼξe κdίώὶν ὼὰξ yξκd 3ἵ0, ὶίὼ ίὶὴy ὖίήξ, λώὼ κὴeί ὔξdeάκ οκμξν κ Вeὼdκὼξπάμ νάὴξήήκ« άὶ ὼὰξ οίdή ίο ὼὰξ Πώὶὶάμ ὼὰdξκὼ.ἶ2 έὰκὼ ήκy μξdὼκάὶὴy λξ ὼdώξ. Κώὼ άe άὼ κ eώiμάξὶὼ ξxὸὴκὶκὼάίὶΗ Ρὼ μκὶὶίὼ λξ νξὶάξν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὰκν vξdy πίίν dξκeίὶe ὼί κvίάν κ wκd wάὼὰ ίὶξ κὶίὼὰξd άὶ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy, eάὶμξ λίὼὰ ὸίwξde οκμξν νάiμώὴὼάξe ίὶ ίὼὰξd οdίὶὼe.ἶ3 ὡξὼ άο ὼὰξ ξόώκὴὴy νξὴάμκὼξ eὼdκὼξπάμ eάὼώκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν κὶν οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe – κὼ ὴξκeὼ οίd ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe – ὰκν ὶίὼ έξὸὼ ὼὰξ ὼwί ξήὸάdξe κὼ ὸξκμξ, ὼὰξὶ wὰy eὰίώὴν ὼὰκὼ eώννξὶὴy λξ ὼὰξ μκeξ ὶίwΗ Ρὶ ήy vάξw, ὼὰξ μὰκὶπξν μὰκdκμὼξd ίο λίὼὰ ήίὶκdμὰάξe άe ὼὰξ έξy ὼί ώὶνξdeὼκὶνάὶπ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξοώὴ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy.ἶἴ ὓὶ ὼὰξ ίὶξ ὰκὶν, οdίή ίκὰdκή ί (ἴ21–ἴ3Ἱ) ίὶwκdνe, ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe μίὶeὸάμώίώeὴy ὼώdὶξν ὼὰξάd κὼὼξὶὼάίὶ ὼί ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ οίd eξvξdκὴ νξμκνξe. ήὶνξd ὡκzνπάdν ΡΡ (ἴ3Ἱ–ἴἵἷ), ὼὰξ ὼάὼὴξ Šāhān šāh κὶν ὼὰξ οίdήώὴκ kē čihr az yazdānἶἵ vκὶάeὰ οdίή μίάὶ ὴξπξὶνeΓἶἶ άὶeὼξκν, ὼὰξ dώὴξde ὶίw μκὴὴξν ὼὰξήeξὴvξe kay κὶν ὼὰώe κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy μίὶὶξμὼξν ὼὰξήeξὴvξe ὼί ὼὰξ ήyὼὰάμκὴ Τκάκὶάνe wὰί wξdξ eκάν ὼί ὰκvξ ίὶμξ οίώπὰὼ ἶ1 ὃο. Κödή 200ἸλΒ 32Ἰο. ἶ2 ὃο. Πίwκdν-Σίὰὶeὼίὶ 2010κΒ ἴ1–ἴἶ. ἶ3 ὃο. ὅνwξὴὴ 2013Β ἸἴἸ–Ἰἵ0, wὰί μίὶeάνξde ὼὰξ λdξκέ ίο ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ ὃὰώdμὰ wάὼὰ ὖίήξ κe κ dξκeίὶ οίd ήίdξ ὸξκμξοώὴ μίὶνάὼάίὶe άὶ κννάὼάίὶ ὼί ὼὰξ eώὸὸίeξν ὼὰdξκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe οκμξν οdίή ὼὰξ ΠώὶeΓ ίὶ ὼὰξ dξὴάπάίώe κeὸξμὼe ίο ὼὰξ μίὶlάμὼ, μο. ήίeὼ dξμξὶὼὴy Κdάeμίξ 201ἴ. έὰξ ὸκdὼάὼάίὶάὶπ ίο Ιdήξὶάκ άὶὼί κ ὖίήκὶ κὶν κ ὗκeκὶάκὶ eὸὰξdξ ήκy κὴeί ὰκvξ μdξκὼξν ὼὰξ ὸdξμίὶνάὼάίὶe ίο νξ-ξeμκὴκὼάίὶ (Κὴίμέὴξy 1ἹἸἷΓ Οdξκὼdξx 2000)Γ yξὼ άὼ eξξήe ὼὰκὼ ίλeξdvξde άὶ Ρὼκὴy eὼάὴὴ κὶὼάμάὸκὼξν κ ὔξdeάκὶ wκd άὶ 3ἹἹ (ὃὴκών. Ρὶ ὅώὼdίὸ. 2.ἴἷἴ–ἴἸἴ). έὰξ ὸξκμξ wκe οdκπάὴξ κὼ ﬁdeὼ. ἶἴ έὰξ eίώdμξe ὶίdήκὴὴy μίὶὶξμὼ ὼὰάe κλίώὼ-οκμξ ὼί ὡκzνπάdν Ρ (3ἹἹ–ἴ21), wὰί ὶίὼ ίὶὴy ὸκὼdίὶάzξν ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ ὃὰdάeὼάκὶe, λώὼ κὴeί eώὸὸίeξνὴy κμὼξν κe ὼὰξ ἐ ίο ὼὰξ yίώὶπ Augustus έὰξίνίeάώe ΡΡ (ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 1.2.1–10)Γ ίὶ ὼὰάe, μο. ὼὰξ μὰκὸὼξd λy Ιὶνdξκe ὐώὼὰξd άὶ ὼὰξ ὸdξeξὶὼ vίὴώήξ. ἶἵ ὃο. ὗώὶνξdήκὶὶ 1ἹἸἸ. ἶἶ ὃο. Πώyeξ 200ἶΒ 1Ἰἶ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ2ἵ κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὸξίὸὴξ ίο ςūrān (έdκὶeίxάκὶκ).ἶἷ ὓὶ ὼὰξ ίὼὰξd ὰκὶν, κὶν άὶ ὸκdὼάμώὴκd, ὼὰξ ξdκ ίο ὼὰξ Вeίὴνάξd ξήὸξdίde« άὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ μκήξ ὼί κὶ ξὶν κοὼξd έὰξίνίeάώe Ρ (3ἷἹ–3Ἱἵ),ἶἸ κὶν ὼὰξ μίὶeξόώξὶμξe ὼὰξ ξeὼκλὴάeὰήξὶὼ ίο κὶ άήὸξdάκὴ ήίὶκdμὰy dξeάνάὶπ άὶ ὼὰξ μκὸάὼκὴἶἹ ὰκν ίὶ ὖίήκὶ-ὗκeκὶάκὶ dξὴκὼάίὶe ὰκvξ πξὶξdκὴὴy λξξὶ ίvξdὴίίέξν. Ρὶ ὼὰξ ﬁdeὼ οίώd μξὶὼώdάξe ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ, άο κ princeps wάeὰξν ὼί ὸdξeξὶὼ ὰάήeξὴο κe κ ήάὴάὼκdy vάμὼίd, ὰξ ὶίdήκὴὴy ὰκν ὼί λξ ὸξdeίὶκὴὴy ὸdξeξὶὼ, κὼ ὴξκeὼ λdάξly, κὴίὶπeάνξ ὰάe ﬁπὰὼάὶπ ὼdίίὸe. ὓὶὴy κὶ ξήὸξdίd wὰί wκe μίήήκὶνάὶπ κὼ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼ – ὸξdeίὶκὴὴy ὸκdὼάμάὸκὼάὶπ άὶ λκὼὼὴξ, άὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ, wκe ὶίὼ ὶξμξeeκdy κὶν μίώὴν ξvξὶ λξ dξπκdνξν κe dξμέὴξee – μίώὴν ίλὼκάὶ ὼὰξ πdξκὼξeὼ ήάὴάὼκdy ὰίὶίd κὶν μξὴξλdκὼξ κ ὼdάώήὸὰ.ἷ0 Ξίd ὼὰάe dξκeίὶ, ὃὴκώνάώe (ἴ1–ἵἴ) ὰκν ίὶμξ ξvξὶ ὼdκvξὴξν ὼί Κdάὼκάὶ οίd κ οξw νκye.ἷ1 έὰάe ὸdκμὼάμξ μὰκὶπξν νdκήκὼάμκὴὴy κdίώὶν ὼὰξ yξκd ἴ00.ἷ2 ΰὰάὴξ ξήὸξdίde ὶκὼώdκὴὴy μίὶὼάὶώξν ὼί μὴκάή vάμὼίdάξe, vάdὼώκὴὴy κὴὴ Augusti λξὼwξξὶ 3Ἱἵ κὶν ἶ10 νξὴξπκὼξν μίήήκὶν ίο ὼὰξ ὼdίίὸe ὼί ὼὰξάd magistri militum, comites, κὶν duces κὶν μξκeξν ὼί vάeάὼ ὼὰξ λίdνξd κdήάξe.ἷ3 ὡξὼ ὼὰξy μίώὴν eὼάὴὴ μξὴξλdκὼξ ὼdάώήὸὰe, κὶν ήίdξ ίοὼξὶ ὼὰκὶ ξvξdΒ ὼὰξ dάὼώκὴ wκe νξμάeάvξὴy ήίνάﬁξν. έὰξ triumphator ὶίw ὶί ὴίὶπξd ὸdίμξξνξν ὼὰdίώπὰ ὼὰξ μάὼy wάὼὰ ὰάe vάμὼίdάίώe ὼdίίὸe, λώὼ dκὼὰξd νάeὼκὶμξν ὰάήeξὴο οdίή ὼὰξ eίὴνάξde λy κwκάὼάὶπ ὼὰξ pompa triumphalis άὶ ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ λίx άὶ ὼὰξ μάdμώe.ἷἴ ὒίw ὼὰξ Augusti μίώὴν ίeὼξὶὼκὼάίώeὴy μὴκάή ξvξdy dξκὴ ίd κὴὴξπξν vάμὼίdy οίd ὼὰξήeξὴvξe wάὼὰίώὼ ὰκvάὶπ ὼί λξ ὸdξeξὶὼ ίὶ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼ.ἷἵ Ρὶeίοκd κe ὼὰξy wξdξ κλὴξ ὼί eξὸκdκὼξ ὼὰξάd μὴκάή ὼί vάμὼίdy οdίή ὸξdeίὶκὴὴy ὸdίvάὶπ ὼὰξήeξὴvξe κe πξὶξdκὴe – ξvξὶ ὼὰίώπὰ ὼὰάe eὼξὸ άe ἶἷ ὃο. ὗὰκyξπκὶ 2013Β Ἰ0ἷ–Ἰ0Ἱ. ὃο. κὴeί ὔκyὶξ 2013. ἶἸ ὃο. ὐξξ 200ἷΒ 22–30, wὰί dάπὰὼὴy eὼdξeeξe ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ οίώdὼὰ-μξὶὼώdy ξήὸξdίde eὼάὴὴ οdξόώξὶὼὴy wξὶὼ ὼί wκd άὶ ὸξdeίὶ. ὗξξ κὴeί Πξάὴ 200ἶ κὶν Πξέeὼξd 200ἸΒ ἵἷ–ἶ1. ἶἹ ὔοξάὴeμὰάοὼξd 2013 ίfξde κ dάμὰ eὼώνy ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ήίὶκdμὰy dξeάνξὶὼ άὶ ὼὰξ μκὸάὼκὴ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ. ὃο. κὴeί ὄάξοξὶλκμὰ 2002 κὶν ΰάξήξd 2013. ἷ0 ὃο. Κξκdν 200ἷ. έὰάe άe ὼὰξ μκeξ, κe οκd κe Ρ μκὶ eξξ, οίd κὴήίeὼ κὴὴ ξήὸξdίde wὰί μξὴξλdκὼξν κ ὼdάώήὸὰ οdίή Ιώπώeὼώe ὼί έὰξίνίeάώe Ρ, κὶν άὼ ήκy λξ ὸκdὼὴy dξeὸίὶeάλὴξ οίd ὼὰξ ίvξdκὴὴ ὴίw ὶώήλξd ίο ὼdάώήὸὰe ίvξd ὼὰξeξ οίώd μξὶὼώdάξeΓ eάὶμξ 1Ἱ Κὃὅ, ίὶὴy μὴίeξ dξὴκὼάvξe ίο ὼὰξ princeps, κὶν eάὶμξ ὼὰξ dξάπὶ ίο ὄίήάὼάκὶ ίὶὴy ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd ὰάήeξὴο μίώὴν ὰίὴν eώμὰ μξὴξλdκὼάίὶe. Οκὴὴάξὶώe, wὰί κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy μξὴξλdκὼξν κ ὼdάώήὸὰ ίvξd ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe άὶ 2ἶ2 wάὼὰίώὼ λξάὶπ ὸdξeξὶὼ ίὶ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼ, eξξήe ὼί λξ κ eὼdάέάὶπ ξxμξὸὼάίὶΓ μο. Πκdὼήκὶὶ 2001Β 1ἶἸ. ἷ1 ὃο. ὗώξὼ. ὃὴκών. 1ἷ. ἷ2 ὓὶ ὼὰξ dξὴκὼάίὶeὰάὸ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde κὶν ὼὰξ κdήy άὶ ὼὰξ οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdy, eξξ ὶίw ὐξξ 201ἵ. ἷ3 ὃο. ὐξξ 200ἷΒ 30–3ἷ. Ιdίώὶν ὼὰξ yξκd 300 κὶ ξήὸξdίd ὴάέξ Ιὶὼίὶάὶώe ὔάώe μίώὴν dξὼdίeὸξμὼάvξὴy λξ μdάὼάμάzξν οίd eώμὰ μίὶνώμὼΓ μο. ὔκὶ. ὐκὼ. Ἰ δἵὥ.1ἴ.1–3. ἷἴ ὃο. ὑμὃίdήάμέ 1ἹἸἶΒ ἴἷ–ἶἴ. ἷἵ Σώeὼάὶάκὶ e ὼdάώήὸὰ ίvξd ὼὰξ ίκὶνκὴe άὶ ἵ3ἴ άe κ vάvάν ξxκήὸὴξΓ μο. Κödή 2013λ. ἶ2ἶ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή μdάὼάμάzξν άὶ ὼὰξ eίώdμξeἷἶ – κ ὰάπὰὴy dάeέy expeditio Persica, wὰάμὰ ὰκν eὸξὴὴξν νίίή οίd ξήὸξdίde eώμὰ κe Οίdνάκὶ ΡΡΡ, ίκὴξdάκὶ, κὶν Σώὴάκὶ,ἷἷ ὴίeὼ ήώμὰ ίο άὼe κὸὸξκὴ. Ρὼ άe ὰκdν ὼί ξxὸὴκάὶ ὼὰάe κeὼίὶάeὰάὶπ νξvξὴίὸήξὶὼ άὶ νξὼκάὴ.ἷἸ ὡξὼ wξ μκὶ ίλeξdvξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ώeώdὸκὼάίὶ κὼὼξήὸὼe λy vάμὼίdάίώe πξὶξdκὴe ὼὰκὼ ὰκν μὰκdκμὼξdάzξν ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν κὶν οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe ὶίw wξdξ ίὶὴy dκdξ ξxμξὸὼάίὶeΓ κὶν ώὶὼάὴ ὼὰξ yξκd ἶ02, ὶί ώeώdὸξd wκe κλὴξ ὼί ὸdξvκάὴ κπκάὶeὼ κὶ Augustus dξeάνάὶπ άὶ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ.ἷἹ Ρο κdήάξe κὼ wκd ὶί ὴίὶπξd νξήκὶνξν Kaisernähe – ὼὰξ ὸdξeξὶμξ ίο κ dώὴξd –, ὼὰξὶ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd e κήλάὼάίὶ ὼί κὼὼκάὶ ὼὰξ ώὴὼάήκὼξ ήάὴάὼκdy πὴίdy – ὸξdeίὶκὴ ὸκdὼάμάὸκὼάίὶ άὶ κ vάμὼίdάίώe ὔξdeάκὶ wκd – μίώὴν πάvξ wκy ὼί ίὼὰξd μίὶeάνξdκὼάίὶe. έὰξ ξήὸξdίde ὶί ὴίὶπξd ὰκν ὼί ὸὴώὶνξd ὃὼξeάὸὰίὶ άὶ ίdνξd ὼί ίώὼνί dάvκὴe κὶν νξὼξd ώeώdὸξde. Ρὶ λdάξοΒ ξvξdyὼὰάὶπ άὶνάμκὼξe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ dώὴξde ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy, ξὶὼdξὶμὰξν λξὰάὶν ὼὰξ ήάπὰὼy έὰξίνίeάκὶ wκὴὴe, νyὶκeὼάμκὴὴy ὴξπάὼάήκὼξν,Ἰ0 ίeὼξὶὼκὼάίώeὴy ὸάίώe, κὶν eώὸὸίdὼξν λy ὼὰξ plebs urbana, μίώὴν ὸξdήάὼ ὼὰξήeξὴvξe ὼί λξ πώάνξν ὸdάήκdάὴy λy μίὶeάνξdκὼάίὶe ίο οίdξάπὶ ὸίὴάμy ήίdξ ὼὰκὶ λξοίdξ. ὑίdξίvξd, ίὶξ ήάπὰὼ κeέ wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ Augusti ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ κὶν eάxὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe μίώὴν ὴξκvξ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ κὼ κὴὴ οίd ὴίὶπξd ὸξdάίνe ίο ὼάήξ, ίd wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ dάeέ ίο κ ώeώdὸκὼάίὶ ίὶ ὼὰξ Κίeὸίdώe wίώὴν ὰκvξ λξξὶ ὼίί πdξκὼ, eάὶμξ ὶίw ὼὰξ μκὸάὼκὴ άὼeξὴο νξήκὶνξν Kaisernähe.Ἰ1 Ρο ὼὰκὼ wκe ὼὰξ μκeξ, ὼὰξὶ άὼ ήώeὼ ὰκvξ ήκνξ ὔξdeάκὶ wκde ὸκdὼάμώὴκdὴy ώὶκὸὸξκὴάὶπ, eάὶμξ κὶ Augustus ὼάξν νίwὶ άὶ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ wίώὴν άὶξvάὼκλὴy ὰκvξ ὰκν ὼί ξὶὼdώeὼ μίήήκὶν ίο ὼὰξ κdήάξe κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὼί eίήξίὶξ ξὴeξ.Ἰ2 ήὶνξd ὼὰξeξ μὰκὶπξν μίὶνάὼάίὶe, άὶ ξvξdy μκeξ, ὼὰξdξ wκe ὴάὼὼὴξ ὼί dξμίήήξὶν dάeέy κὶν ξxὸξὶeάvξ ἷἶ ὃο. ξ. π. ὗyὶξe. ὄξ dξπὶ. 1ἵ.20Γ ὔdάeμ. οdπ. Ἱ.3.11–21 (Κὴίμέὴξy). ἷἷ ὓὶ Σώὴάκὶ e ὔξdeάκὶ μκήὸκάπὶ, μο. ὖίeξὶ 200ἶΒ 3ἴἵ–3ἷ0 κὶν ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200ἹΒ 2Ἰ3–30ἴ (οώὶνκήξὶὼκὴ). ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ ίο 3ἶ3, μο. ὃὰdyeίe 1ἹἹ3 κὶν ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 200ἹΒ 30ἵ–320. ἷἸ ὃο. ὔοξάὴeμὰάοὼξd 2013Β 212–22ἵ. ἷἹ ὓὶ ώeώdὸκὼάίὶe άὶ ὼὰξ ὐκὼξd ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ, ὗzάνκὼ 2010 άe οώὶνκήξὶὼκὴ. Ἰ0 ὃο. Κödή 201ἵλ. Ἰ1 Ρὼ μκὶ eμκdμξὴy λξ κ μίάὶμάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ Augusti νάν ὶίὼ ὴξκvξ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ ίd άὼe eώddίώὶνάὶπe οίd ὴίὶπ ίvξd 200 yξκde. ὓὶὴy wὰξὶ κὴὴ ξὴeξ eξξήξν ὴίeὼ νάν Πξdκμὴάώe νξμάνξ ὼί ὼώdὶ ὰάe λκμέ ίὶ ὼὰξ μκὸάὼκὴ κὶν κνvκὶμξ wάὼὰ ὰάe κdήy κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶeΓ έὰξίὸὰ. Ιὑ ἶ113. Ἰ2 έὰώe ὼὰξ, οdίή κ ήάὴάὼκdy ὸξdeὸξμὼάvξ, ξxὼdξήξὴy μίώὶὼξdὸdίνώμὼάvξ νάvάeάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ eώὸdξήξ μίήήκὶν λξὼwξξὶ ﬁvξ ήξὶ – ὔκὼdάμάώe, Πyὸκὼάώe, ὃξὴξd, Σώeὼάὶ, κὶν Ιdξίλάὶνώe (ὢκμὰ. ὖὰξὼ. Πὅ ἷ.ἴ) – οίd ὼὰξ ήκeeάvξ ίfξὶeάvξ ίο ἵ03 άe ὸdίλκλὴy κ eάπὶ ίο Ιὶκeὼκeάώe μίὶμξdὶ ὼὰκὼ κὴὴ ὼὰξ πὴίdy ίο κ ὸίὼξὶὼάκὴὴy ὼdξήξὶνίώe vάμὼίdy ίvξd ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe wίώὴν οκὴὴ ὼί κ eάὶπὴξ πξὶξdκὴ. ὅxμξeeάvξὴy eώμμξeeοώὴ ήάὴάὼκdy ήξὶ ὸdίλκλὴy ὶξvξd eξξήξν ὼίὼκὴὴy ὰκdήὴξee ὼί ὼὰξ principes clausi ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ κὶν eάxὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξeΓ μο. Κödή 2013λΒ ἷἵ–Ἰἴ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ2ἷ wκde wάὼὰ ὔξdeάκ λώὼ ήώμὰ ὼί dξμίήήξὶν κe eὼκλὴξ κ ὸξκμξ κe ὸίeeάλὴξ κὶν – ὴάήάὼξν – μίίὸξdκὼάίὶ. έὰdίώπὰίώὼ ὰάeὼίdy, κὴὴ ὼίί wάνξ κ πκὸ άὶ wξκὴὼὰ κὶν νξvξὴίὸήξὶὼ λξὼwξξὶ μίήὸὴξx eὼκὼξe κὶν ὼὰξάd ὶξάπὰλίde ὰκe ὸdίvξὶ ὼί λξ ὸdίλὴξήκὼάμ. Ιὶ ξήὸάdξ ὼὰκὼ άe ξμίὶίήάμκὴὴy οκd eώὸξdάίd ὼί άὼe ὶξάπὰλίde μκὶὶίὼ wξὴμίήξ ήκdκώνάὶπ λκὶνe ίο dκάνξde οdίή κμdίee ὼὰξ λίdνξd.Ἰ3 Ρὼ ὼὰώe wκe ὶίὼ ὴκdπξ άὶvκeάίὶe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὶίdήκὴὴy ὰκν ὼί οξκd, λώὼ dκὼὰξd dίvάὶπ dκάνξde wὰί λώdὶξν νίwὶ vάὴὴκπξe κὶν ὼὰξὶ νάeκὸὸξκdξν, ὲώeὼ ὴάέξ ὼὰίeξ ὼὰκὼ Κκdeκώήκ νξὸάμὼe. Ρὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼ, κὴίὶπ ὼὰξ ὖὰάὶξ κὶν ὄκὶώλξ, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὰκν ὴίὶπ κνίὸὼξν κ ὼὰdξξ-ὸκdὼ eὼdκὼξπyΒ ﬁdeὼ, ὼὰξ limites eὰίώὴν λξ wκὼμὰξν λy ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy άὶ ίdνξd ὼί ήίὶάὼίd λίdνξd ὼdκiμ κὶν ὼί νξὼξd ώὶίdπκὶάzξν λκὶνe ίο dκάνξdeΓἸἴ άὶ ὐκὼξ Ιὶὼάόώάὼy, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe άὶμdξκeάὶπὴy dξὴάξν ίὶ eήκὴὴ, ὰξκvάὴy οίdὼάﬁξν οίdὼdξeeξe.Ἰἵ ὗξμίὶν, ὖίήξ ὼὰdξκὼξὶξν άὼe ξὶξήάξe wάὼὰ ὼξddίd κὶν dξὼκὴάκὼάίὶ. Ξdίή Ιώπώeὼώe ὼί ίκὴξὶὼάὶάκὶ ΡΡ (3ἷἵ– 3Ἱ2), άήὸξdάκὴ κdήάξe κνvκὶμξν κπκάὶ κὶν κπκάὶ άὶὼί ὼὰξ barbaricum κὶν ὴξοὼ κ ὸκὼὰ ίο νξeὼdώμὼάίὶ άὶ ὼὰξάd wκέξ.Ἰἶ έὰξ ήξeeκπξ wκe μὴξκdΒ ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ μίώὴν ὶίὼ ξfξμὼάvξὴy νξοξὶν άὼe ὴίὶπ λίdνξde κπκάὶeὼ eήκὴὴ πdίώὸe ίο wκddάίde ὼὰκὼ ὸὴώὶνξdξν ὼὰξάd wκy κμdίee ὼὰξ ὸdίvάὶμξeΓ λώὼ dξὼκὴάκὼάίὶ wίώὴν κὴwκye λξ λdώὼκὴ κὶν ώeώκὴὴy νάeeώκνξ κὶ ξὶὼάdξ πξὶξdκὼάίὶ οdίή dξὸξκὼάὶπ eώμὰ κ dκάν. Ιὶν ὼὰάdν, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ λξπώὶ ξκdὴy ὼί wάὶ ίvξd μίὶὼκμὼe κμdίee ὼὰξ λίdνξd, ήίdξ ίd ὴξee ὰξκvάὴy ὖίήκὶάzξν μὰάξοe κὶν wκdὴίdνe, wὰί eίήξὼάήξe dίeξ ὼί λξμίήξ regesἸἷ κὶν μίὶμὴώνξν ὼdξκὼάξe wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd.ἸἸ έί ὼὰξeξ ήξὶ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd μίώὴν νξὴξπκὼξ ὼὰξ ὼκeέ ίο νάeμάὸὴάὶάὶπ ὼὰξάd λίίὼy-ὰώὶπdy ὼdάλξeήξὶ. έὰξdξ wκe κ dάeέ, ὰίwξvξd, ὼὰκὼ κe ὼὰξeξ οξνξdκὼξ μὴάξὶὼ dώὴξde άὶμdξκeξν ὼὰξάd ὸίwξd wάὼὰ ὖίήκὶ eώὸὸίdὼ, ὼὰξy ήάπὰὼ μίήξ ὼί ὸίeξ κ eξμώdάὼy ὼὰdξκὼ ὼὰξήeξὴvξe. Ρὼ ὰκe λξξὶ μίὶὲξμὼώdξν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰάe ήξμὰκὶάeή ήκy ὰκvξ μίὶὼdάλώὼξν ὼί ὼὰξ dάeξ ίο ὼὰξ πdξκὼ Οξdήκὶάμ ὼdάλξe. Ἰ3 Ξίd ξxκήὸὴξ, Σώὴάκὶ (ίd. 1, 21Κ) ήξὶὼάίὶe ﬁπὰὼάὶπ ἐ Ἀ ῃ . ὗξξ κὴeί ΡΟὐὗ 2ἵ01. Ἰἴ ὃο. ὗμὰκὴὴήκyξd 200ἶΒ 31–33. Ἰἵ ὃο. ὑκὼz 201ἴ. Ἰἶ ὓὶ ὼὰάe, eξξ οίd άὶeὼκὶμξ Πξdίν. ἷ.2.3ο. ίd Ιήή. 1ἷ.1.ἵ–ἷ. ὃο. ΰάὲὶξὶνκξὴξ 201ἵΒ 13ο. Ἰἷ Ι οκήίώe ξxκήὸὴξ άe ὼὰξ μίάὶ (ὖΡὃ ΡΡΡ Ιὶὼίὶάὶώe ὔάώe ἶ20λ) ὼὰκὼ μξὴξλdκὼξe Ιὶὼίὶάὶώe ὔάώe (13Ἰ–1ἶ1) οίd άὶeὼκὴὴάὶπ κ rex ίvξd ὼὰξ ὕώκνά ( x va i a v ). ὃο. ὗwίλίνκ 1Ἱἵἶ. ἸἸ ὓὶ ὼὰάe, eξξ, οίd άὶeὼκὶμξ, ΰίὴοdκή 200ἵΒ Вὄκe ὰξάßὼ ὶάμὰὼ, νκß ὲξὶξ ίöὴέξd ίὰὶξ νάξ ὖöήξd έξάὶξ Τöὶάπξ πξὰκλὼ ὰлὼὼξὶ. Οξήξάὶὼ άeὼ vάξὴήξὰd, νκß ήίὶκdμὰάeμὰξ Τöὶάπξ, νάξ πξeὼüὼzὼ κώο eὼκdέξ Οξοίὴπeμὰκοὼξὶ üλξd ὸίὴyξὼὰὶάeμὰξ ίξdλлὶνξ ὰξddeμὰὼξὶ, νκzώ νξd döήάeμὰξὶ Ξίdήάξdώὶπ ώὶν Ιὶξdέξὶὶώὶπ λξνώdοὼξὶ« (ἶ3). ἶ2Ἰ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὖίήκὶ eίώdμξe μὴξκdὴy ξxκππξdκὼξ ὼὰξ ὶίὼίdάίώe οdξόώξὶμy wάὼὰ wὰάμὰ ὼὰξ Вλκdλκdάκὶe« λdίέξ ὼdξκὼάξeΓἸἹ ίκὼὰe κὶν ὰίὶίd ίὶ ὼὰξ μίὶὼdκdy eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ λξξὶ ξvξὶ ήίdξ άήὸίdὼκὶὼ ὼί ὼὰξ Οξdήκὶάμ ὸξίὸὴξe ὼὰκὶ ὼί ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe. έὰξ wίdὴν κμdίee ὼὰξ ὖὰάὶξ κὶν ὄκὶώλξ, ὰίwξvξd, wκe κ ήώὴὼάὸίὴκd ίὶξ. Ιήήάκὶώe, οίd άὶeὼκὶμξ, ήξὶὼάίὶe κ ὸὴξὼὰίdκ ίο reges, regales, κὶν reguli κήίὶπ ὼὰξ Ιὴκήκὶὶά άὶ ὼὰξ οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdy.Ἱ0 ΰὰξὶ ίὶξ rex μίὶμὴώνξν κ foedus wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe, ὰάe dάvκὴ ὶίὼ ίὶὴy οξὴὼ ώὶμίὶeὼdκάὶξν λy άὼ, λώὼ ὰξ ήκy ὰκvξ οξὴὼ ὸdίvίέξν άὶeὼξκν. ὅvξὶ άο ὖίήξ e Οξdήκὶάμ foederatiἹ1 πξὶξdκὴὴy ίλeξdvξν ὼὰξάd κπdξξήξὶὼe, άὶ ὼὰξ κλeξὶμξ ίο κ ὰξπξήίὶάμ ὸίwξd λξyίὶν ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ οdίὶὼάξd, ὼὰάe νάν ὶίὼ πdκὶὼ eώiμάξὶὼ eξμώdάὼy ὼί ὼὰξ ὖὰάὶξ κὶν ὄκὶώλξ ὸdίvάὶμξe. έὰξ eάὼώκὼάίὶ άὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅκeὼ, άὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ, wκe οκd ήίdξ οκvίdκλὴξ. Πξdξ, ὼὰξ Augusti ὰκν κ ὸίwξdοώὴ μίὶὼκμὼ άὶ ὼὰξ ὸξdeίὶ ίο ὼὰξ Šāhān šāh. Πξ ὶίὼ ίὶὴy ὰκν ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ πξὶξdκὴὴy ώὶνξd ὰάe μίὶὼdίὴΓ ὰξ κὴeί wκe μκὸκλὴξ ίο ξxξdὼάὶπ νξμάeάvξ άὶlώξὶμξ ίὶ dξeὼὴξee ὸξὼὼy έάὶπe, ὸξίὸὴξe, κὶν ὼdάλξe οdίή ὼὰξ ὃκώμκeώe ὑίώὶὼκάὶe ὼί ὡξήξὶ. Ιμμίdνάὶπὴy, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὰκν ὼί νξκὴ οκd ὴξee wάὼὰ ὸίwξde μίήὸξὼάὶπ κήίὶπ ὼὰξήeξὴvξe ὼὰκὶ άὶ ὅώdίὸξ κὶν ὒίdὼὰ ΙοdάμκΓ ίὶ ὼὰξ μίὶὼdκdy, wὰξὶ ὼὰξy eώμμξeeοώὴὴy μίὶμὴώνξν κ foedus wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe, ὼὰάe dξκὴὴy ὸdίvάνξν λdίκν eξμώdάὼy οίd ὼὰξ ξὶὼάdξ praefectura praetorio νrientis. έὰξ ξὸάeίνξ νξeμdάλξν κὼ ὼὰξ λξπάὶὶάὶπ ίο ὼὰάe ὸκὸξd άe κ ὸξdοξμὼ άὴὴώeὼdκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe μίώὴν οίdμξ ὼὰξάd Ιdκλ κeeίμάκὼξe ὼί μξκeξ ὸὴώὶνξdάὶπ ὖίήκὶ ὼξddάὼίdy ίd κὼ ὴξκeὼ eώddξὶνξd ὼὰξάd λίίὼy. Ιὴὼὰίώπὰ λίὼὰ eώὸξdὸίwξde κὴwκye ὼdάξν ὼί ξxὼξὶν ὼὰξάd eὸὰξdξ ίο άὶlώξὶμξ κὼ ίὶξ κὶίὼὰξd e ξxὸξὶeξ, wὰάμὰ πκvξ ὼὰξ πdίώὸe άὶ ὼὰξ λώfξd zίὶξ κ wάνξ dκὶπξ ίο ίὸὼάίὶe,Ἱ2 ίvξdκὴὴ wξ μκὶ ίλeξdvξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίd κὶν ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ έάὶπ ὰκν κ ήώὼώκὴ άὶὼξdξeὼ άὶ ὲίάὶὼὴy μίὶὼdίὴὴάὶπ ὼὰξ οdίὶὼάξd. έὰξ ξeὸξμάκὴὴy dάμὰ, άήὸίdὼκὶὼ ὼξddάὼίdάξe ίο ὗydάκ κὶν ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ eὼίίν ίὶ ξάὼὰξd eάνξ ίο ὼὰξ limes, κὶν ὼὰξάd eξμώdάὼy wκe ίο ὼὰξ ώὼήίeὼ άήὸίdὼκὶμξ ὼί λίὼὰ ήίὶκdμὰe. έὰξdξοίdξ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ έάὶπ wκe κe vκὴώκλὴξ κ ὸκdὼὶξd κe ὰξ wκe κ νκὶπξdίώe ξὶξήy,Ἱ3 ὸκdὼάμώὴκdὴy eάὶμξ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ dώὴξde πξὶξdκὴὴy eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ κλάνξν λy ὼὰξάd foedera wάὼὰ ὖίήξ. ΰξ μκὶ eὼάὴὴ eξξ Σώeὼάὶάκὶ e (ἵ2ἷ–ἵἶἵ) κμὼάίὶe άὶ ὼὰξ eάxὼὰ μξὶὼώdy κe ξvάνξὶμξ ίο ὰίw πdξκὼὴy ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe άὶὼξdήάὼὼξὶὼὴy ὼdώeὼξν ὼὰξ Šāhān šāhΒ κοὼξd μίὶμὴώνάὶπ ὼὰξ Вὅὼξdὶκὴ ἸἹ Ἱ0 Ἱ1 Ἱ2 ὅ.π. ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. ἶ.2Ἰ.1ἴ. ὃο. ξ. π. Ιήή. 1Ἰ.2.13. ὓὶ ὼὰξ Ιὴκήκὶὶά κὶν ὖίήξ, μο. ὄdάὶέwκὼξd 200ἷ. ὃο. ὗὼάμέὴξd 200ἷ. ὃο. ὄάπὶκe – ΰάὶὼξd 200ἷΒ 1ἵ2–1ἸἸ. ὓὶ έdκὶeμκώμκeάκ, μο. κὴeί Οκdeίцκὶ 200ἴ κὶν Τξὼὼξὶὰίοξὶ 200Ἰ. Ἱ3 ὓὶ μώὴὼώdκὴ ξxμὰκὶπξ λξὼwξξὶ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe, μο. Πκdὼήκὶὶ 200ἷ κὶν Οdξκὼdξx 201ἴ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ2Ἱ ὔξκμξ« ίο ἵ32, Σώeὼάὶάκὶ κὸὸξκde ὼί ὰκvξ ὴξοὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅκeὼ ὴκdπξὴy νξὶώνξν ίο ὼdίίὸe. έὰξ ξήὸξdίde ήίdξίvξd λξὶξﬁὼξν οdίή ὗκeκὶάκὶ μίὶὼdίὴ ίο ὼὰξ ὃκώμκeώe ὸκeeξe.Ἱἴ ὗίήξ νίώλὼ ὰκe dξμξὶὼὴy λξξὶ μκeὼ ίὶ ὼὰξ ξxὼξὶὼ ὼί wὰάμὰ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ λξὶξﬁὼξν οdίή ὼὰξ άὶκλάὴάὼy ίο wκddάίd λκὶνe οdίή ὃξὶὼdκὴ Ιeάκ ὼί μdίee ὼὰξ ὃκώμκeώe ὑίώὶὼκάὶe.Ἱἵ Κώὼ ὼὰξ ήκeeάvξ άὶμώdeάίὶ ίο Πώὶὶάμ wκddάίde άὶ 3Ἱἵ, wὰί κνvκὶμξν ὼί ὼὰξ ὓdίὶὼξe κὶν Ιeάκ ὑάὶίd ὸὴώὶνξdάὶπ κὶν λώdὶάὶπ ξvξdyὼὰάὶπ άὶ ὼὰξάd ὸκὼὰ, vάvάνὴy άὴὴώeὼdκὼξe ὰίw dξκὴ ὼὰάe ὼὰdξκὼ wκe.Ἱἶ έὰξdξ ὸdίλκλὴy wξdξ κπdξξήξὶὼe λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὶν ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὴdξκνy eίίὶ κοὼξd 3ἶ3, ὼί ὼὰξ ξfξμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde wίώὴν ὰξὴὸ ﬁὶκὶμξ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ νξοξὶeξe άὶ ὼὰξ ὃκώμκeώe.Ἱἷ ὗάὶμξ ὼὰάe όώξeὼάίὶ wκe κὴwκye μίὶὶξμὼξν ὼί ὔξdeάκὶ νξήκὶνe οίd ὼdάλώὼξ, άὼ άe ώὶμὴξκd wὰξὼὰξd ὖίήξ ξvξd ξxὸὴάμάὼὴy ώὶνξdὼίίέ ὼί ήκέξ dξπώὴκd ὸκyήξὶὼe. Ρὼ άe μξdὼκάὶ, ὰίwξvξd, ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe wξdξ ὶίdήκὴὴy κλὴξ ὼί ὸdξvξὶὼ dκάνξde οdίή μdίeeάὶπ ὼὰξ ὃκώμκeώe ὑίώὶὼκάὶe, wὰάμὰ ήκνξ ὶίὼ ίὶὴy ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ eκοξd, λώὼ κὴeί ὗydάκ κὶν Ιeάκ ὑάὶίd. Ιοὼξd 3Ἱἵ, ὼὰξ wξeὼξdὶ ὰκὴο ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ eκὶέ άὶὼί νίήξeὼάμ ὼώdήίάὴ κὶν μάvάὴ wκd, άὶ wὰάμὰ λκὶνe ίο wκddάίde οdίή ίώὼeάνξ ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ ὸκdὼάμάὸκὼξν, οίd ὼὰξ ήίeὼ ὸκdὼ κe foederati, λώὼ κὴeί eίήξὼάήξe ίὶ ὼὰξάd ίwὶ άὶάὼάκὼάvξ. Σώeὼ κe άὶ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy, νίήξeὼάμ μίὶlάμὼe ήξκὶὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξdξ wξdξ ὶί ὴίὶπξd ξὶίώπὰ ὼdίίὸe κvκάὴκλὴξ ὼί wκὼμὰ ὼὰξ λίdνξde κὶν, ήίdξ άήὸίdὼκὶὼὴy, μκddy ίώὼ dξὼκὴάκὼίdy μκήὸκάπὶe κμdίee ὼὰξ ὖὰάὶξ κὶν ὄκὶώλξ. έὰξ foederati ήξκὶwὰάὴξ ξxὸὴίάὼξν ὖκvξὶὶκ e wξκέὶξee ὼί ὸώdeώξ ὼὰξάd ίwὶ κπξὶνκ, κὶν ώὴὼάήκὼξὴy ὼὰξ λκὶέdώὸὼ κὶν ὸίwξdὴξee wξeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ ξήὸξdίd λξμκήξ ὴάὼὼὴξ ήίdξ ὼὰκὶ κὶ κὶὶίyκὶμξ κὶν wκe κλίὴάeὰξν, wὰάὴξ ὼὰξ reges eξὼ κλίώὼ λώάὴνάὶπ ξήὸάdξe ίο ὼὰξάd ίwὶ ίὶ ὼὰξ dώάὶe.ἹἸ έὰώe, wὰάὴξ ὼὰξ dξπώὴκd κὶν οξνξdκὼξ ὼdίίὸe οίώπὰὼ νξμκνξe-ὴίὶπ λκὼὼὴξe οίd ὸίwξd άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼξdὶ ὅήὸάdξ, wκddάίd λκὶνe οdίή ὼὰξ barbaricum νξvκeὼκὼξν ὼὰξ λίdνξd Ἱἴ ὃο. Πκὶeήκὶ 1ἹἹ2. Ἱἵ ὃο. Κdκώὶν 1ἹἹἴΒ 2ἷ0. Ἱἶ ὃὰdίὶ. ἷ2ἴ 13ἶ ο.Γ ὔὰάὴίeὼίdπ. Πὅ Ἱ.ἸΓ ὗίμd. Πὅ ἶ,1,ἷ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ ξvξὶὼe, μο. Οdξκὼdξx – Οdξκὼdξx 1ἹἹἹ κὶν Οdξκὼdξx – ὐάξώ 2002Β 1ἷ–1Ἱ. Ἱἷ έὰξ locus classicus άe ὼὰξ ὸκeeκπξ άὶ Σίὰὶ ὐyνώe (νξ ὑκπ. 3.ἵ2 ο.) ὼὰκὼ μὴκάήe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ praefectus praetorio per νrientem ὗκὴώὼάώe ὰκν κὴdξκνy ήκνξ eώμὰ κπdξξήξὶὼe wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ 3ἶἵ. έὰάe κμμίώὶὼ άe ὸdίλὴξήκὼάμ άὶ eξvξdκὴ dξeὸξμὼeΓ άὶ ήy ίὸάὶάίὶ, ὼὰίώπὰ, ὼὰξdξ άe ὶί ξvάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ νάeὸdίvξe ὼὰκὼ ὶξπίὼάκὼάίὶe ὰκν κὴdξκνy λξξὶ μίὶνώμὼξν άὶ ὼὰξ οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdy, κὴὼὰίώπὰ άὼ ήώeὼ dξήκάὶ κὶ ίὸξὶ όώξeὼάίὶ wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κπdξξν κὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ ὼί ήκέξ dξπώὴκd ὸκyήξὶὼe ὼὰκὼ μίώὴν λξ άὶὼξdὸdξὼξν κe ὼdάλώὼξΓ οίd νάeμώeeάίὶ, μο. κὴeί ὄάπὶκe – ΰάὶὼξd 200ἷΒ 1Ἱ1–1Ἱἵ. ἹἸ ὗξξ κὴeί Κödή 2013κΒ 11ἴ–11ἷ. ἶ30 Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὸdίvάὶμξe wάὼὰ άήὸώὶάὼy κὶν ﬁὶκὴὴy eξὼὼὴξν ὼὰξdξ.ἹἹ ὔὴώὶνξdάὶπ wκddάίde οdίή ίώὼeάνξ ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ, eώμὰ κe ὼὰίeξ νξeμdάλξν άὶ ὼὰξ τita ρeverini,100 ώὶνίώλὼξνὴy νκήκπξν ὼὰξ ξμίὶίήάμ eὼκὼώe ίο ὼὰξ ΰξeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ ξvξὶ οώdὼὰξd. ὒίὼ ὴξκeὼ, ὼὰξy κὴeί ώὶνξdήάὶξν ὼὰξ ὸίὸώὴκὼάίὶ e μίὶﬁνξὶμξ άὶ κὶ ξήὸξdίd wὰί wκe ώὶκλὴξ ὼί ὸdίὼξμὼ ὼὰξή. Ρὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ ὼί ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ, ὼὰξdξ wκe ὶί marzbān κμdίee ὼὰξ ὄκὶώλξ ὼί wὰίή κ ὖίήκὶ dux μίώὴν κννdξee μίήὸὴκάὶὼe κλίώὼ dκάνξdeΒ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ wκe ώὶνξdήάὶξν ὶίὼ ὴξκeὼ λy ὼὰξ οκμὼ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξdξ wκe ὶί ήκὲίd ὸίwξd ὼὰξdξ ὼὰκὼ μίώὴν λdάὶπ ίdνξd ὼί ὼὰξ μὰκίe κὶν ξὶeώdξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ λίdνξd dξπάίὶe dξήκάὶξν κὼ ὴξκeὼ eίήξwὰκὼ ὸκμάﬁξν. Ιὼὼάὴκ e ξήὸάdξ μκήξ ὼίί ὴκὼξ κὶν wκe ὼίί eὰίdὼ-ὴάvξν ὼί νί eί.101 Ρὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅκeὼ, ὼὰξ ὸάμὼώdξ wκe μίήὸὴξὼξὴy νάfξdξὶὼ. έὰξ μξὶὼdκὴ άήὸξdάκὴ κνήάὶάeὼdκὼάίὶ άὶνξξν ξxὸξdάξὶμξν ὸὰκeξe ίο άὶeὼκλάὴάὼy, ξeὸξμάκὴὴy ώὶνξd Ιdμκνάώe (3Ἱἵ–ἴ0Ἰ), ὐξί (ἴἵἷ–ἴἷἴ), κὶν ὢξὶί,102 λώὼ wὰάὴξ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼξdὶ ὅήὸάdξ μίὴὴκὸeξν κe ὼὰξ μξὶὼdκὴ πίvξdὶήξὶὼ άὶ ὖκvξὶὶκ ὴίeὼ άὼe wξκὴὼὰάξeὼ ὸdίvάὶμξe ίὶξ κοὼξd ὼὰξ ίὼὰξd, ὼὰξ Augustus άὶ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ μίώὴν dξὴy ίὶ ὼὰξ άὶμίήξ οdίή ὅπyὸὼ, ὗydάκ, κὶν Ιeάκ ὑάὶίd.103 έὰκὼ άe wὰy, οίd ξxκήὸὴξ, ὼὰξ ὅκeὼξdὶ ὅήὸάdξ μίώὴν κλeίdλ ὼὰξ νξvκeὼκὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ Κκὴέκὶ ὸdίvάὶμξe. ὔdάίd ὼί ἵἴ0, ὗydάκ ξxὸξdάξὶμξν νξμκνξe ίο ὸξκμξ κὶν ξμίὶίήάμ ὸdίeὸξdάὼy, κὶν ὼκx dξvξὶώξ lίwξν άὶ κλώὶνκὶμξ. Ρὼ ὼὰώe wκe ώὴὼάήκὼξὴy ὸξκμξ wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ὼὰκὼ πκvξ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ, άὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ ὼί ὼὰξάd wξeὼξdὶ μίὴὴξκπώξe, eώiμάξὶὼ ήξκὶe ὼί ίώὼﬁὼ dξπώὴκd ὼdίίὸe. έὰξy ὼὰώe ὶξvξd dξeίdὼξν ὼί dξὴyάὶπ ίὶ foederati ὴάέξ ὼὰξάd μίώὶὼξdὸκdὼe άὶ ὖκvξὶὶκ. έὰξ magister militum per νrientem ίο μίώdeξ μίὶὼάὶώξν ὼί μίήήκὶν eὼdίὶπ μίὶὼάὶπξὶὼeΓ10ἴ άο wκd wάὼὰ ὔξdeάκ dξκὴὴy λdίέξ ίώὼ, ὼὰάe οdίὶὼ wκe κὴwκye ὼὰξ ὰάπὰξeὼ ὸdάίdάὼy οίd ὼὰξ ὅκeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ. Κώὼ wξ eὰίώὴν ὶίὼ λξ ήάeὴξν λy ὼὰξ ὼὰdξξ λdάξο wκde ίο ἴ1ἶ/ἷ,10ἵ ἴ20–ἴ22, κὶν ἴἴ1 (ίd ἴἴ0Η). έὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ πίvξdὶήξὶὼ eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ wξὴμίήξν ὼὰξ ξxμὰκὶπξ ίο λὴίwe άὶ ἴ20.10ἶ Ιὶν ἹἹ ὃο. Κdίwὶ 2012Β Вέὰξy ὴίίὼξν ὼὰξ μίώὶὼdyeάνξ κὶν eὰίίέ νίwὶ μάὼάξe. έὰξeξ νξὸdξνκὼάίὶe κdξ ώeώκὴὴy dξοξddξν ὼί, eίήξwὰκὼ νdκήκὼάμκὴὴy, κe ὼὰξ λκdλκdάκὶ άὶvκeάίὶe . έὰξy wξdξ ὶί eώμὰ ὼὰάὶπ. έὰξy wξdξ μίὴὴκὼξdκὴ νκήκπξ λdίώπὰὼ ώὸίὶ ὼὰξ ὸdίvάὶμξe λy μίὶὼξὶνάὶπ ξήὸξdίde (…). ὑκὶy λκdλκdάκὶe wξdξ ὴάὼὼὴξ ήίdξ ὼὰκὶ οdξξὴκὶμξ ὸάὴὴκπξde κὶν ὰάπὰwκyήξὶ« (3ἸἸ). ὃο. κὴeί Τώὴάέίweέά 2013. 100 ὅώπάὸὸ. ίάὼ. ὗξv. 20.1. 101 ὃο. ὑκκe 201ἴ. 102 ὃο. Κödή 2013λΒ ἷἵ–ἷἹ (wάὼὰ οώdὼὰξd ὴάὼξdκὼώdξ). 103 ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὸdίeὸξdάὼy ίο ὼὰξeξ dξπάίὶe άὶ ὐκὼξ Ιὶὼάόώάὼy, μο. ὑάὼμὰξὴὴ 201ἵΒ 3ἵἶ–3ἷἹ. 10ἴ ὃο. ὼὰξ μίὶὼάὶπξὶὼe ὴάeὼξν άὶ ὼὰξ μotitia DignitatumΒ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 32.1ἷ–ἴἴΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 33.1ἵ–3ἵΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 3ἴ.1ἷ–ἴἸΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 3ἵ.1ἴ–3ἴΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 3ἶ.1Ἰ–3ἶΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 3ἷ.1ἴ–3ἵΓ ὒίὼ. ὄάπ. ὓd. 3Ἰ.10–30. 10ἵ ὃο. ὐώὼὰξd 201ἴ. 10ἶ ὃο. Οdξκὼdξx 1ἹἹ3. Ιμμίdνάὶπ ὼί ὗίμdκὼξe (Πὅ ἷ.1Ἰ.Ἱ) ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe άὶάὼάκὼξν ὰίe- Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ31 άὶ ἴἴ1 λίὼὰ eάνξe κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy ὰκν eί ὴάὼὼὴξ άὶὼξdξeὼ άὶ ξeμκὴκὼάίὶ ὼὰκὼ, κὴdξκνy κοὼξd κ οξw wξξέe, ὡκzνπάdν ΡΡ dξὼdξκὼξν λκμέ άὶὼί ὰάe ξήὸάdξ κὶν ήκνξ ὸξκμξ. έὰξ μκώeξ ίο ὼὰξ άὶvκeάίὶ, wὰάμὰ dκὼὰξd dξeξήλὴξν κ ὼὰdξκὼξὶάὶπ πξeὼώdξ, ήκy ὰκvξ λξξὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe vάξw ὼὰκὼ έὰξίνίeάώe ΡΡ (ἴ0Ἰ–ἴἵ0) ὰκν λdίέξὶ ὼὰξ foedus ίο ἴ22 λy dξοώeάὶπ ὼί ήκέξ κὶ κὶὶώκὴ ὸκyήξὶὼ – ὼὰάe άe eώππξeὼξν λy ὼὰξ eὸξξν wάὼὰ wὰάμὰ ὼὰξ magister militum Ιὶκὼίὴάώe ὸκάν ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe κ μίὶeάνξdκλὴξ eώή ίο ήίὶξy ὼί wάὼὰνdκw.10ἷ έὰκὼ wκe ὼὰξ ὸdάμξ ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde ὰκν ὼί ὸκy οίd ὸξκμξ άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼΒ ὼὰξ κὸὸdίxάήκὼξὴy ἵ00 ὸίώὶνe ίο πίὴν ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ έάὶπe ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ κὶν eάxὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe νξήκὶνξν κὶὶώκὴὴy wξdξ, άὶ ήy ίὸάὶάίὶ, ξμίὶίήάμκὴὴy άὶeάπὶάﬁμκὶὼ κήίώὶὼe οίd λίὼὰ eάνξeΓ wὰκὼ vξxξν ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde wκe dκὼὰξd ὼὰξ έὶίwὴξνπξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe wξdξ ὶίὼ ὼὰξ ίὶὴy ίὶξe wὰί άὶὼξdὸdξὼξν ὼὰξ κὶὶώκὴ ὸκyήξὶὼe ὼὰξy κὼὼξήὸὼξν ὼί dξὸdξeξὶὼ κe vίὴώὶὼκdy eώλeάνάξe κe eyήλίὴe ίο ὖίήκὶ eώλήάeeάίὶ. Ρὼ ὼὰώe άe ὶίὼ eώdὸdάeάὶπ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ Augusti wξdξ κὴwκye ίὶ ὼὰξ ὴίίέίώὼ οίd wκye ὼί ξὶν ὼὰξeξ ὸκyήξὶὼe, ὼί wὰάμὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὼὼκμὰξν ὼὰξ πdξκὼξeὼ άήὸίdὼκὶμξ.10Ἰ έὰξ λdάξο wκd ίο ἴἴ1 eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ μκώπὰὼ ὼὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶe λy eώdὸdάeξ κὶν ὴξν ὼὰξή ὼί λdξκέ ίf κ ὶκvκὴ ξxὸξνάὼάίὶ κπκάὶeὼ Οκάeξdάμ.10Ἱ Κώὼ ίὼὰξdwάeξ ὼὰξdξ κdξ ὶί άὶνάμκὼάίὶe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ξvξd ξxὸὴίάὼξν ὸξdάίνe ίο μdάeάe νώdάὶπ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy ὼί ὴκώὶμὰ κὶ κὼὼκμέ ίὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ. έὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ Augusti κὼὼξήὸὼξν ὼί άὶὼξdvξὶξ ήάὴάὼκdάὴy άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼ κὼ ὴξκeὼ ξάπὰὼ ὼάήξe νώdάὶπ ὼὰάe ὸξdάίν ὼί ﬁπὰὼ ώeώdὸξde ίd wκdὴίdνe ὴάέξ Ιὴκdάμ, Ιὼὼάὴκ, κὶν Οκάeξdάμ,110 κὶν yξὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe έξὸὼ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ. έὰξ dξλξὴὴάίώe magister militum Ρὴὴώe ήξὶὼάίὶξν κλίvξ λξππξν ὼὰξ Šāhān šāh άὶ vκάὶ οίd eώὸὸίdὼ κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ dξάπὶάὶπ Augustus ὢξὶί.111 ίάμξ vξdeκ, ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe 10ἷ 10Ἰ 10Ἱ 110 111 ὼάὴάὼάξe κὶν κνvκὶμξν άὶὼί ὔξdeάκὶ ὼξddάὼίdy. έὰξ eίώdμξe νdκw κ μίὶὶξμὼάίὶ ὼί ὸξdeξμώὼάίὶe ίο ὃὰdάeὼάκὶe άὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ (Ιώπώeὼ. μάv. ὄξά 1Ἰ.ἵ2), λώὼ wξ μκὶ ὰκdνὴy eκy ὰίw ξxὼξὶeάvξ ὼὰξy wξdξΓ μο. vκὶ ὖίήὸκy 1ἹἹἵΓ ὖάeὼ 1ἹἹἶΓ ὔκyὶξ 201ἵΒ ἴἴ–ἴἸ. Ρὼ άe όώάὼξ ὸίeeάλὴξ ὼὰκὼ eώμὰ dξὸίdὼe eξdvξν ὼί οίdμξ έὰξίνίeάώe ΡΡ ὼί ὼκέξ κμὼάίὶΒ άὼ ὰκe λξξὶ μίὶὲξμὼώdξν ὼὰκὼ κ πdίώὸ κdίώὶν ὼὰξ Augusta ὔώὴμὰξdάκ νξὴάλξdκὼξὴy eὼκdὼξν ὼὰξ wκdΓ μο. Πίὴώή 1Ἱἷἷ. ὃο. ὅłάeὰē ίκdνκὸξὼ ἷ/ἶ1ο. Οdξξέ κὶν ὐκὼάὶ eίώdμξe eάπὶάﬁμκὶὼὴy ίήάὼ ὼὰξeξ ὸκyήξὶὼe. ὔdίμίὸάώe dξὼdίeὸξμὼάvξὴy οώeξe ὼὰξ wκde ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy άὶὼί κ eάὶπὴξ ξὸάeίνξ wάὼὰίώὼ κὶy λὴίίνeὰξνΓ ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 1.2.11–1ἴ. ὃο. Σίe. ὗὼyὴ. ἸΓ ὔdάeμ. οdπ. ἴ1.1.3–2ἷ (Κὴίμέὴξy)Γ ὑάμὰ. ὗyd. 10.1. Ρ ὰκvξ νάeμώeeξν ήy vάξw ίὶ ὼὰάe ὸdίλὴξή κὼ ὴξὶπὼὰ ξὴeξwὰξdξΓ μο. Κödή 200Ἰλ. ὃο. ὖώλάὶ 1ἹἸἶΒ 3ἶ–3Ἰ. έὰξίνίdξὼ (Πὅ ἵ.3ἶ) κμμώeξe ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe ίο ξxὸὴίάὼάὶπ ὼὰξ κλeξὶμξ ίο ὖίήκὶ ὼdίίὸe κὼ κὶ άὶνξﬁὶάὼξ ὸίάὶὼ ίο ὼάήξ ὼί λdξκέ κ foedus. Ιὴὼὰίώπὰ ὰξ μκὴὴe ὼὰξ έάὶπ dξeὸίὶeάλὴξ οίd ὼὰάe ВΟίdίdκὶξe« (ίκὰdκή ί), ὰάe κμμίώὶὼ eξξήe ὼί ﬁὼ ὼὰξ κὼὼκμέ ήκνξ ώὶνξd ὡκzνπάdν ΡΡ λξeὼ. ὃο. ὑμὅvίy 201ἴ. ὃο. Κὴίμέὴξy 1ἹἹ2Β ἸἴΓ Οdξκὼdξx – ὐάξώ 2002Β ἴἸ. ἶ32 Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή ὴάέξwάeξ νάν ὶίὼ eὼκλ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ έάὶπe άὶ ὼὰξ λκμέ, wὰξὶ ὼὰξy wξdξ ὼάξν ώὸ ήάὴάὼκdάὴy άὶ έdκὶeίxάκὶκ. ὖίήκὶ ώὶάὼe άὶ οκμὼ ξvξὶ eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ οίώπὰὼ οίd ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe άὶ eίήξ ίο ὼὰξeξ λκὼὼὴξe άὶ ὼὰξ ἴ20e.112 ΰὰξὶ ήκὶy Ιdήξὶάκὶ ὶίλὴξήξὶ dξλξὴὴξν κπκάὶeὼ ὡκzνπάdν ΡΡ άὶ ἴἴἹ κὶν κeέξν έὰξίνίeάώe ΡΡ οίd ὰξὴὸ, ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ήκνξ ὶί ήίvξ ὼί άὶὼξdοξdξ,113 κὶν ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe άὶ ὼώdὶ dξὲξμὼξν κ dξόώξeὼ λy ὼὰξ ὐκzά ὼί νξοξμὼ ὼί ὼὰξή.11ἴ ΰὰξὶ μίὶeάνξdκλὴξ ὼξὶeάίὶe κdίeξ άὶ ἴἶἷ, ὼὰξy μίώὴν λξ dξeίὴvξν ὸξκμξκλὴyΓ11ἵ κὶν ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ ὸdίvάνξν ὔξdίz wάὼὰ ﬁὶκὶμάκὴ eώὸὸίdὼ οίd ὰάe μκήὸκάπὶe κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe.11ἶ ὅvξὶ ὼὰξ μdάeάe ίο ἴἸἵ νξeμdάλξν κὼ ὼὰξ λξπάὶὶάὶπ ίο ὼὰάe μὰκὸὼξd άὴὴώeὼdκὼξe ὼὰκὼ νξeὸάὼξ κὴὴ ὼὰξάd ὼὰdξκὼξὶάὶπ πξeὼώdξe, ὶξάὼὰξd eάνξ wκe dξκὴὴy άὶὼξdξeὼξν άὶ ξeμκὴκὼάίὶ κὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ. ὓλvάίώeὴy, ὼὰάe dξμίὶeὼdώμὼάίὶ, wὰάμὰ ὸώὼe ὼὰξ ήκάὶ dξeὸίὶeάλάὴάὼy ίὶ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ξήὸξdίde οίd wὰξὼὰξd wκd λdίέξ ίώὼ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξή κὶν ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe, wάὴὴ ήκέξ ήκὶy dξκνξde κὼ ὴξκeὼ dκάeξ ὼὰξάd ξyξλdίwe. ὄίξe ὼὰάe ὸίeάὼάίὶ ώὶνξdξeὼάήκὼξ ὔξdeάκ e άὶνξὸξὶνξὶμξ κὶν μκὸκλάὴάὼy ὼί κμὼΗ ὄίξe άὼ dάeέ πάvάὶπ κ ίὶξ-eάνξν άὶὼξdὸdξὼκὼάίὶ οdίή κὶ ξxμὴώeάvξὴy ὖίήκὶ ὸξdeὸξμὼάvξ κὶν ήίdξίvξd ίvξdξeὼάήκὼξ ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy ήάπὰὼ ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξΗ ὄίξe άὼ άὶeάὶώκὼξ ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe wξdξ ξάὼὰξd κvξdeξ ὼί μίὶlάμὼ ίd wξκέΗ Κy ὶί ήξκὶeΒ άὶ ήy ίὸάὶάίὶ, ὼὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ Вeώὸξdὸίwξd« wκe eάήὸὴy ὴξee ﬁxκὼξν ίὶ Rūm ὼὰκὶ vάμξ vξdeκ.11ἷ Ρο ήίeὼ ὔξdeάκὶ έάὶπe άὶ ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν, οίώdὼὰ, κὶν ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe wξdξ ὶίdήκὴὴy ὸdξὸκdξν ὼί έξξὸ ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe, άὼ wκe ὶίὼ λξμκώeξ ὼὰξy wξdξ κοdκάν ίο ὼὰξ ξήὸξdίde, λώὼ dκὼὰξd λξμκώeξ ὼὰξ Ρdκὶάκὶ ὔὴκὼξκώ ὰκν ὴίὶπ λξξὶ ήίdξ άήὸίdὼκὶὼ ὼί ὼὰξή, κὶν ξeὸξμάκὴὴy eί οίd ήκὶy ίο ὼὰξ ὸίwξdοώὴ ήκπὶκὼξe (vuzurgān).11Ἰ έκxξe οdίή ὑξeίὸίὼκήάκ ήκy ὰκvξ 112 113 11ἴ 11ἵ 11ἶ ὃο. ὐώὼὰξd 1ἹἹἷΒ 102. ὃο. έὰίήeίὶ 200ἸΒ 1ἶ2 ο. ὓὶ Ιdήξὶάκ άὶ ὐκὼξ Ιὶὼάόώάὼy, μο. Οdξξὶwίίν 2012. ὔdάeμ. οdπ. 33.1ο. (Κὴίμέὴξy). ὃο. Κὴίμέὴξy 1ἹἹ2Β ἷἴΓ Κödή 200ἷΒ 303ο. έὰξ ξήὸξdίd ξvξὶ κὴὴξπξνὴy ὸκάν ὼὰξ Πώὶe dκὶeίή ήίὶξy wὰξὶ ὔξdίz ὰκν λξξὶ μκὸὼώdξν ( Σίe. ὗὼyὴ. 10). Ρὼ άe μίὶμξάvκλὴξ ὼὰκὼ κ ὖίήκὶ ὼdάλώὼξ ὸκyήξὶὼ ώὴὼάήκὼξὴy ὴάξe λξὰάὶν ὼὰάe dξὸίdὼ. 11ἷ ὃο. ΰάξeξὰöοξd 200ἵ. ὗξξ κὴeί Σκήξe Πίwκdν-Σίὰὶeὼίὶ e μίὶὼdάλώὼάίὶ ὼί ὼὰξ ὸdξeξὶὼ vίὴώήξ. 11Ἰ έὰξ vuzurgān eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ λξξὶ ὴκdπξὴy άὶeώὴκὼξν οdίή ὼὰξ μdίwὶ ίὶ ὼὰξάd ξeὼκὼξe κὶν κὴwκye ὸὴκyξν eώμὰ κ eάπὶάﬁμκὶὼ ὸκdὼ άὶ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ ὅήὸάdξ ὼὰκὼ άὼ ὰκe eίήξὼάήξe ξvξὶ λξξὶ μκὴὴξν κ Вμίὶοξνξdκὼάίὶ« (ὔίώdeὰκdάκὼά 200Ἰ). έὰξ ξxάeὼξὶμξ ίο κ ὸίwξdοώὴ ὶίλάὴάὼy eὰίώὴν ὶίὼ λξ μίὶοώeξν, ὰίwξvξd, wάὼὰ κ ὸίwξdὴξee ήίὶκdμὰΓ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ eώμμξeeοώὴὴy ήκνξ ὼὰξ μίώdὼ κ ὸὴκμξ ίο κdάeὼίμdκὼάμ μίήὸξὼάὼάίὶ ξκdὴy ίὶ (ΰάξeξὰöοξd 200ἷΓ ὄκdyκξξ 200ἹΒ ἵ1), οdίή wὰάμὰ ὼὰξ dώὴξd ὰάήeξὴο, ὼὰξ eίώdμξ ίο κὴὴ ὰίὶίde, ὼάὼὴξe, κὶν νξμίdκὼάίὶe, ώὴὼάήκὼξὴy ὸdίﬁὼξν ήίeὼ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ dξὴκὼάίὶeὰάὸ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ dώὴξd κὶν ὼὰξ ήκπὶκὼξe, μο. Κdίeάώe 200ἶΒ 1ἵἹ–1ἷ2Γ ὖώλάὶ 200ἸΒ 1ἴἴ–1ἴἸΓ Κödή 2010Γ ὑίeάπ-ΰκὴλώdπ 2010Γ ὑμὄίὶίώπὰ 2011κ. Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ33 λξξὶ ὼὰξ Šāhān šāh e ήίeὼ άήὸίdὼκὶὼ eίώdμξ ίο άὶμίήξ, λώὼ άο ὰξ ὶξπὴξμὼξν ὼί νξοξὶν ὼὰξ ὰάπὰὴκὶνe, ὰξ ὼώdὶξν ὼὰξ ὶίλάὴάὼy κπκάὶeὼ ὰάή. έὰξ vuzurgān ξxὸξμὼξν ὼὰξάd dώὴξd ὼί νξοξὶν ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ κὶν ήκάὶὼκάὶ νίήξeὼάμ ὸξκμξ11Ἱ κὶν ὸdίλκλὴy ὰκν ὴάὼὼὴξ άὶὼξdξeὼ άὶ κ ὴίὶπ-ὼξdή ήάὴάὼκdy ξὶπκπξήξὶὼ wξeὼ ίο ὼὰξ ὅώὸὰdκὼξe. έὰώe, wὰάὴξ ὼὰξ ξκeὼξdὶ ὖίήκὶ ξήὸξdίde ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ κὶν eάxὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe wξdξ κμὼάvξ άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼ ίὶὴy wὰξὶ ὸξκμξ ὸdξvκάὴξν άὶ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ, ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe eξξή ὴάέξwάeξ ὼί ὰκvξ ὸdάίdάὼάzξν ὼὰξ ξκeὼ ίο their ξήὸάdξ, κὴλξάὼ οίd νάfξdξὶὼ dξκeίὶe. έὰάe ξήξdπξe μὴξκdὴy άὶ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy, wὰξὶ ὼὰξ έάὶπe, κe ήξὶὼάίὶξν κλίvξ, μίὶeὸάμώίώeὴy eὼdίvξ ὼί κὴάπὶ ὼὰξήeξὴvξe wάὼὰ Τκάκὶάν ὼdκνάὼάίὶ. Ρὼ ήκνξ ὶί νάfξdξὶμξ wὰξὼὰξd ὼὰξ dώὴξde wξdξ λκὼὼὴάὶπ Πώὶὶάμ ὸξίὸὴξe λξμκώeξ ὼὰξy πξὶώάὶξὴy ὸίeξν κ πdξκὼξd ὼὰdξκὼ ὼὰκὶ λξοίdξ, ίd λξμκώeξ ὼὰξ έάὶπe wκὶὼξν ὼί ὸίdὼdκy ὼὰξήeξὴvξe κe ὼὰξ μίὶόώξdίde ίο ςūrān κὶν ὼὰξ νξοξὶνξde ίο ὅκeὼ Ρdκὶ.120 Πίwξvξd, ὼὰξ eίώdμξe eώππξeὼ ὼὰκὼ κὼ ὴξκeὼ ὔξdίz νξὴάλξdκὼξὴy ὸdίvίέξν wκd wάὼὰ ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe, wὰί wξdξ μίὶeάνξdξν ὸκdὼάμώὴκdὴy νξὸξὶνκλὴξ κὴὴάξe121 – ὼὰώe dξμκὴὴάὶπ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ wκde ίο ὼὰξ Augusti ίο ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν κὶν οίώdὼὰ μξὶὼώdάξe.122 έὰξ ὗάxὼὰ ὃξὶὼώdyΒ Κdξκμὰξe ίο ὼὰξ ὔξκμξ κὶν ὼὰξ ὃίὶeξόώξὶμξe ΰὰκὼ, ὰίwξvξd, wκe ὼὰξ dξκeίὶ λξὰάὶν ὼὰξ eξdάίώe ξxμὰκὶπξ ίο λὴίwe άὶ ἵ02 κοὼξd eώμὰ κ ὴίὶπ ὸξdάίν ίο ὸξκμξΗ έὰξdξ ὰκν λξξὶ ὶί eὰίdὼκπξ ίο μdάeξe άὶ ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy eάήάὴκd ὼί ὼὰξ άὶμάνξὶὼ ὼὰκὼ πκvξ Τκvκνὰ Ρ (ἴἸἸ–ἴἹἶ κὶν ἴἹἹ–ἵ31) πdίώὶνe ὼί κὼὼκμέΓ άὼ ὼὰώe άe οκάd ὼί κeέ wὰy, άὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ ὼί ἴἸἵ, ὶί ὸξκμξοώὴ eίὴώὼάίὶ μίώὴν λξ dξκμὰξν. Ιe Ρ νξήίὶeὼdκὼξν κ οξw yξκde κπί, Ρ λξὴάξvξ ὼὰκὼ λὴκήξ eὰίώὴν λξ ὸὴκμξν ίὶ ξvξὶὼe κὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ dίyκὴ μίώdὼ. Ι ὸίwξd eὼdώππὴξ ὰκν κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy λdίέξὶ ίώὼ κήίὶπ ὼὰξ ὰάπὰ ὶίλάὴάὼy άὶ ἴἹἵΒ vuzurgān ὴάέξ ὼὰξ kanārang Οώšὶκeὸνκν eώὸὸίdὼξν μίὶὼάὶώάὶπ ὼὰξ μκήὸκάπὶe κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe, ὼὰξ Вΰὰάὼξ Πώὶe,« wὰάὴξ Τκvκνὰ123 eάνξν wάὼὰ κ 11Ἱ ὃο. Κödή (άὶ ὸdξee). 120 ὃο. ὔκyὶξ 201ἴ. 121 ὓὶ ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe, μο. ὐάὼvάὶeέy 1ἹἹἶΓ Κάvκd 200ἴΓ Τώdλκὶίv 2013. ὗξξ κὴeί νξ ὴκ ίκάeeάпdξ 2012. 122 ὃο. Łκzκd 1ἵἴ–1ἵἶ κὶν 213–21ἵΓ Σίe. ὗὼyὴ. 11Γ έκλκdī Ρ.Ἰἷ3–Ἰἷἶ. ὔdίμίὸάώe dξὸίdὼe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ έάὶπ ίο ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe eyήλίὴάμκὴὴy κμμώeξν ὔξdίz ίο ὸξdὲώdy ξvξὶ άὶ ὼὰξ ήάνeὼ ίο λκὼὼὴξΒ ῦ ἐ , ἐ ἐ Γ ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 1.ἴ.Ἱ. ὓὶ ὔξdίz e wκd κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ Πώὶe, μο. ήίeὼ dξμξὶὼὴy ὔίὼὼe 201ἴΒ 1ἴ1–1ἴἶ. 123 ὃο. ὗμὰάὶνξὴ 2013. ἶ3ἴ Πξὶὶάὶπ Κödή dάvκὴ μίώdὼ οκμὼάίὶ ὴξν λy ὗάyκvώxš, wὰί κνvίμκὼξν κὶ κὴὴάκὶμξ.12ἴ Ιὴὼὰίώπὰ wξ μκὶὶίὼ dξμίὶeὼdώμὼ ξxκμὼὴy ὰίw, ὼὰάe πdίώὸ κὴeί eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ λξξὶ κeeίμάκὼξν wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ξὶάπήκὼάμ Вὑκzνκέάὼξ« ήίvξήξὶὼ.12ἵ έὰξ έάὶπ wκe ὼξήὸίdκdάὴy νξὸίeξν λy ὼὰξ πdίώὸ μξὶὼξdξν κdίώὶν ὼὰξ kanārang, κὶν κ λdάξο μάvάὴ wκd ξὶeώξν. Τκvκνὰ ξήξdπξν vάμὼίdάίώe wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὰξὴὸ ίο ὗάyκvώxš κὶν Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξ eώὸὸίdὼ άὶ ἴἹἸ ίd ἴἹἹ. έὰξ οίμώe ίο ὗκeκὶάκὶ οίdξάπὶ ὸίὴάμy eώλeξόώξὶὼὴy eὰάοὼξν. Ιe ήξὶὼάίὶξν κλίvξ, eάὶμξ ἴἸἴ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὰκν ὼκέξὶ κὶ άὶμdξκeάὶπὴy κππdξeeάvξ eὼκὶμξ ὼίwκdν ὔξdeάκΓ ὶίw Τκvκνὰ, wάὼὰ ὼὰξ Πξὸὰὼὰκὴάὼξe κe ὰάe κὴὴάξe, κὸὸκdξὶὼὴy οξὴὼ ὼὰξ ὼάήξ ὰκν μίήξ ὼί κὼὼκμέ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ ὼί dξvξὶπξ ὼὰάe νάeπdκμξ.12ἶ έὰξ μίὶeάνξdκλὴξ eώμμξee ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ κdήy ξὶὲίyξν ξeὸξμάκὴὴy άὶ ἵ02 κὶν ἵ03, wὰξὶ Ιήάνκ wκe ὼκέξὶ λy eὼίdή12ἷ κὶν κ ὴκdπξ ὖίήκὶ μίώὶὼξdίfξὶeάvξ wκe dξὸξὴὴξν, άe άήὸdξeeάvξ ὼξeὼάήίὶy ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ήάὴάὼκdy ήάπὰὼ ίο ὼὰξ ξήὸάdξ ὰκν ὶίὼ νξμὴάὶξν eάὶμξ ὔξdίz wκe έάὴὴξν άὶ λκὼὼὴξ.12Ἰ Ι ὼdώμξ wκe κπdξξν άὶ ἵ0ἶ,12Ἱ λώὼ ήώὼώκὴ ὼdώeὼ ὰκν λξξὶ eὰκέξὶ. έὰξ μίὶeὼdώμὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ οίdὼdξee ὄκdκ, μίὶὼdκdy ὼί ίὴν κπdξξήξὶὼe, eὰίwe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe ὶίw ὲώνπξν κ ὗκeκὶάκὶ κὼὼκμέ ὼί λξ ήίdξ ὴάέξὴy ὼὰκὶ λξοίdξ.130 ὡξὼ Τκvκνὰ Ρ eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ ήκνξ yξὼ κὶίὼὰξd ὸίὴάὼάμκὴ κλίώὼ-οκμξ. Ιdίώὶν ὼὰξ yξκd ἵ2ἵ, ὰξ ὸdίὸίeξν ὼὰκὼ Σώeὼάὶ Ρ (ἵ1Ἰ–ἵ2ἷ) eὰίώὴν κνίὸὼ ὰάe ὸdξeώήὸὼάvξ ὰξάd ὃὰώedί άὶ ίdνξd ὼί πώκdκὶὼξξ ὰάe eώμμξeeάίὶΓ131 ὼὰξ ὶξπίὼάκὼάίὶe, ὰίwξvξd, wξdξ νξdκάὴξν λy ὰκwέe ίὶ λίὼὰ eάνξe.132 έξὶeάίὶe ξeμκὴκὼξν ὼί ίὸξὶ wκdοκdξ yξὼ κπκάὶ άὶ ἵ2ἶ, κὴὼὰίώπὰ άὼ dξήκάὶe ώὶμὴξκd wὰάμὰ eάνξ wκe μὰάξly dξeὸίὶeάλὴξ. ΰὰκὼ άe έὶίwὶ, ὼὰίώπὰ, άe ὼὰκὼ ὼὰξ ὴξκνάὶπ ὰκwέ , ὼὰξ artēštārān sālār133 ὗάyκvώxš, wκe ξxξμώὼξν ὶίὼ ὴίὶπ κοὼξdwκdν, κὶν ὃὰώedί κeμξὶνξν ὼί ὼὰξ ὼὰdίὶξ άὶ κώὼώήὶ ἵ31 wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὰξὴὸ ίο ὼὰξ νίvξe μξὶὼξdξν ίὶ ὼὰξ sar-naxvēragān ὑξὰλίν. Ι οξw ήίὶὼὰe ὴκὼξd, ὰξ κddκὶπξν ὼὰξ Вὅὼξdὶκὴ ὔξκμξ« wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe.13ἴ 12ἴ 12ἵ 12ἶ 12ἷ 12Ἰ 12Ἱ 130 131 132 Ξίd κ dξμίὶeὼdώμὼάίὶ ίο ὼὰξ ξvξὶὼe, μο. Κödή 200ἷΒ 31Ἰ–32ἵΓ ΰάξeξὰöοξd 200Ἱ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ ὑκzνκέάὼξe, μο. ὡκdeὰκὼξd 1ἹἸ3Γ ὃdίὶξ 1ἹἹ1Γ νξ Κὴίάe 2012Γ ὖξzκέὰκὶά 201ἵ. ὃο. Οdξκὼdξx 1ἹἹἸΓ Πκκdξd 200ἶΒ 2Ἱ–ἷ2. ὃο. ὐξὶeέά 200ἷ. ὃο. ὑξάξd 200ἹΒ 1Ἱἴ–20ἶ. ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 1.Ἱ.2ἴΓ Σίe. ὗὼyὴ. Ἰ1. ὃο. ὐώὼὰξd 1ἹἹἷΒ 213–21ἶΓ Οdξκὼdξx 1ἹἹἸΒ 11ἷ ο. ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 1.10.13–1ἹΓ ὢκμὰ. ὖὰξὼ. Πὅ ἷ.ἶ. ὃο. ὔάξὴξd 1Ἱἷ2. ὃο. ὐίώὶπὰάe 200ἵΓ Κödή 200ἷΒ 311–31ἷ. ὓὶ ὼὰξ quaestor sacri palatii ὔdίμώὴώe, ίὶξ ίο ὼὰξ ὴξκνάὶπ ίὸὸίὶξὶὼe ίο dξμίὶμάὴάκὼάίὶ wάὼὰ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe κὼ ὼὰξ άήὸξdάκὴ μίώdὼ, μο. ὔκzνξdὶάέ 201ἵ. 133 ὓὶ ὼὰάe άὶlώξὶὼάκὴ ίiμξ, μο. ὗώὶνξdήκὶὶ 1ἹἸἷ. 13ἴ Pacem cum Persis in aeternum conﬁrmavimusΓ ὃίν. Ρώeὼ. 1.2ἷ.2 ὸdκξο. ὔdίμίὸάώe κὴeί ξxὸὴάμάὼὴy μκὴὴe ὼὰξ ὸξκμξ (Πάeὼ. 1.22.1ἷ). Ι έὰdξκὼ ίd κ ΚὴξeeάὶπΗ ἶ3ἵ ὅvξdyὼὰάὶπ eώππξeὼe ὼὰκὼ Σώeὼάὶάκὶ κeeώήξν ὰξ ὰκν dξeὼίdξν ὼὰξ ὸξκμξοώὴ μίὶνάὼάίὶe ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdyΓ ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ κὼὼκμέ ίο ἵἴ0 ήώeὼ ὰκvξ ὰάὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe κὴὴ ὼὰξ ὰκdνξd.13ἵ ὃὰώedί Ρ,13ἶ ήξκὶwὰάὴξ, ὰκν ξxξμώὼξν ὑξὰλίν κὶν eάνξν wάὼὰ ὼὰξ κὶὼά-ὖίήκὶ ήκπὶκὼξe.13ἷ ΰὰξὶ μίὶlάμὼ λdίέξ ίώὼ λξὼwξξὶ ὼὰξ Ιdκλάκὶ κὴὴάξe ίο λίὼὰ ὸίwξde, ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶ έάὶπ eξξήe ὼί ὰκvξ eξάzξν ίὶ άὼ κe πdίώὶνe οίd κὼὼκμέάὶπ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe.13Ἰ ὔdξeώήκλὴy, ὰξ ὸὴκὶὶξν ήξdξὴy κ νξήίὶeὼdκὼάίὶ ίο ὸίwξd ὴάέξ ὼὰκὼ ίο ὡκzνπάdν ΡΡ κ μξὶὼώdy ξκdὴάξd, λώὼ eάὶμξ Σώeὼάὶάκὶ ὰκν ήίvξν ὰάe λξeὼ ὼdίίὸe ὼί Ρὼκὴy ίvξd ὼὰξ ὸdξμξνάὶπ yξκde, ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶ άὶvκeάίὶ wκe eώdὸdάeάὶπὴy eώμμξeeοώὴ, μώὴήάὶκὼάὶπ άὶ ὼὰξ eκμέ ίο Ιὶὼάίμὰ.13Ἱ Ιὶν eάὶμξ ὼὰξ Šāhān šāh μίώὴν ὶίὼ λώὼ ὸdίvίέξ ὼὰξ Augustus wάὼὰ ὼὰάe ίeὼξὶὼκὼάίώe ὼdάώήὸὰ, Σώeὼάὶάκὶ dξοώeξν ὼί μίὶμὴώνξ κ ὶξw foedus. Ιοὼξd ὼὰξ ξxὸξdάξὶμξe ίο ἵ02 κὶν ἵἴ0, ὼὰίeξ wὰί μίὶeάνξdξν ὼὰξ ὗκeκὶάκὶe ώὶdξὴάκλὴξ λκdλκdάκὶe1ἴ0 eξξή ὼί ὰκvξ wίὶ ὼὰξ ώὸὸξd ὰκὶν άὶ ὃίὶeὼκὶὼάὶίὸὴξ. έὰξ ὸξκμξοώὴ μίὶνάὼάίὶe ίο ὼὰξ ﬁοὼὰ μξὶὼώdy wίώὴν ὶξvξd dξὼώdὶ.1ἴ1 ὔκdὼάμώὴκdὴy ὼὰξ wκd ὼὰκὼ ὃὰώedί ΡΡ (ἵἹ1–ἶ2Ἰ) wκπξν κπκάὶeὼ ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶe οdίή ἶ03 ίὶ ὼίίέ κ ὴκdπξ ὼίὴὴ ίὶ λίὼὰ eάνξe. Ρὶ μίὶὼdκeὼ ὼί ὼὰξ ὼὰάdν μξὶὼώdy, οdίή κdίώὶν ἶ11, wὰξὶ ὼὰξ ὔξdeάκὶe eξὼ ίώὼ ίὶ ὼὰξ ὸξdήκὶξὶὼ μίὶόώξeὼ ίο ὗydάκ κὶν ὅπyὸὼ,1ἴ2 ὼὰξeξ κὼὼκμέe dξκὴὴy ὼὰdξκὼξὶξν ὼὰξ ξxάeὼξὶμξ ίο ὼὰξ ὖίήκὶ ὅήὸάdξ, κὶν άὼ eὼίίν άὼe πdίώὶν ίὶὴy λy ξήὸὴίyάὶπ κeyήήξὼdάμ wκdοκdξ ώὶνξd Πξdκμὴάώe (ἶ10–ἶἴ1). ὃίάὶe άeeώξν λξκdάὶπ ὼὰξ ὶξw ὴξπξὶν v a iv a a i ὼξeὼάοy ὼί ὼὰξ eξdάίώeὶξee ίο ὼὰξ eάὼώκὼάίὶ.1ἴ3 έὰξ ξήὸξdίd μίώὴν ὶίὼ dξeὼίdξ ὼὰξ status quo ante ώὶὼάὴ ὃὰώedί ΡΡ wκe ίvξdὼὰdίwὶ λy ὼὰξ ήκπὶκὼξe, wὰί ὸdξeώήκλὴy μάὼξν έώdέάeὰ κὼὼκμέe1ἴἴ κe ξvάνξὶμξ ὼὰκὼ ὰξ wκe ὶξπὴξμὼάὶπ ὼὰξ ὅκeὼ κὶν νξήκὶνξν ὼὰκὼ ὰξ άήήξνάκὼξὴy ήκέξ ὸξκμξ άὶ ὼὰξ ΰξeὼΓ1ἴἵ λώὼ Πξdκμὴάώe wκe eίίὶ κοὼξd ίvξdwὰξὴήξν λy ὼὰξ ὼκeέ ίο dξὸξὴὴάὶπ ὼὰξ Ιdκλe. 13ἵ 13ἶ 13ἷ 13Ἰ 13Ἱ 1ἴ0 1ἴ1 1ἴ2 1ἴ3 1ἴἴ 1ἴἵ ὃο. ὑξάξd 2003Β 313–31Ἱ. ὃο. Σώὴὴάξὶ 201ἵ. ὃο. Κödή 200ἷΒ 323ο. έκλκdī Ρ,ἹἵἸο.Γ ὔdίμ. Πάeὼ. 2,1,2–13. ὃο. ὗὰκὰхν 1ἹἹἵΒ 20Ἱ–21Ἰ. ὃο. Σίdν. ὖίή. 3ἷἶ. 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A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire, in: C. Binder - H. Börm - A. Luther (eds.), Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, Duisburg: Wellem 2016, pp. 615ff.

A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire, in: C. Binder - H. Börm - A. Luther (eds.), Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, Duisburg: Wellem 2016, pp. 615ff.

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