EDITED BY Achim Lichtenberger Rubina Raja 2 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Colophon This book came into being based on the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, a research project directed by Professor Rubina Raja (Aarhus University) and Professor Achim Lichtenberger (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster). The project is funded by the Carlsberg Foundation, the Danish National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutscher PalästinaVerein, the Elite Research Initiative of the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science, and H. P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefondet for Dansk Palæstinaforskning. Learn more at http://projects.au.dk/internationaljerashexcavation/. Layout Christian Stefensen, StefensenMedia Printing Fællestrykkeriet, AUTRYK (Aarhus University), Aarhus 2017 Front cover View from the North-West Quarter towards the Tetrapylon on the ancient main street of Gerasa with the modern city in the background (Copyright: Rubina Raja). Back cover View of the Temple of Artemis from the North-West Quarter towards the south-east (Copyright: Rubina Raja). Contact Rubina Raja, Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University Moesgaard Allé 20, DK-8270 Højbjerg Email: rubina.raja@cas.au.dk Achim Lichtenberger, Institut für Klassische Archäologie und Christliche Archäologie/Archäologisches Museum, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Domplatz 20-22, D-48143 Münster Email: lichtenb@uni-muenster.de GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY 3 Editors’ preface Jerash – the Hellenistic and Roman city of Gerasa – was one of the most important cities of the Decapolis, a group of Greco-Roman cities in the southern Levant of which most were situated in today’s Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The city lourished into the mid-eighth century CE, when a devastating earthquake hit the region. Later in the Ayyubid–Mamluk period it was resettled, and archaeology also attests this period. More recent developments such as the urban expansion of the modern town have presented archaeologists with challenges, but Gerasa/Jerash remains the second most visited tourist site in Jordan due to its preserved and restored ruins. Archaeological research has been conducted in Jerash by international teams for more than a hundred years. Since 2011, a Danish–German team has been working in the North-West Quarter of Jerash on a four-hectare area at the highest point within the walled city. While earlier research mostly focused on the major civic monuments of the city, the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project has investigated the periphery of the town, examining what may be learned about urban life in these areas and what the periphery tells us about Gerasa/Jerash as a city. The Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project was initiated by the editors of this book, and the irst campaign was conducted in 2011. Over the years the team has grown considerably, and new funding has allowed for the implementation of high-deinition methods such as geochemical analyses and high-resolution laser scanning, which have brought new insights into the site and its development. A variety of research aspects are presented in this volume by team members to accompany an exhibition at the Museum of Ancient Art, Aarhus University, opening in February 2017. The overall feasibility of the ieldwork is dependent on individual team members and on the specialists who contribute their knowledge and skills before, during and after each campaign. Therefore we would like to thank all team members, whether or not they have contributed to this book, for their sustained commitment to the project. Here we would like to give special credit to Georg Kalaitzoglou, Heike Möller and Annette Højen Sørensen, who have headed the oversight of the ieldwork and the ind registration respectively since the beginning of the project. Without the excellent cooperation of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan in Amman and Jerash, the project could never have been realised. We would therefore like to thank our colleagues at the Department of Antiquities for their unwavering support. Thanks are also due to the funding bodies that have supported the project: the Carlsberg Foundation, the Danish National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutscher Palästina-Verein, the Elite Research initiative of the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science, and H. P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefondet for Dansk Palæstinaforskning. Furthermore, we would like to thank our home institutions, Aarhus University, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, for their support of the project. In Amman, the project has enjoyed the support of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology, for which we are grateful. The editorial work was immensely supported by Christina Levisen, Heidi Flegal, Lucy Seton-Watson, and Christian Stefensen (all Aarhus). We thank them all for their competent help. Achim Lichtenberger (Münster) and Rubina Raja (Aarhus) February 2017 4 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Contributors Ioanna Alexaki is completing an MSc at Aalborg University. Her specialism is Geoinformatics, 3-D visualisation, and the understanding of complex forms and space relations and patterns. Pernille Bangsgaard is Assistant Professor at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. She specialises in the zooarchaeology of the Middle East, most recently in the context of eighteenthcentury Qatar. Gry H. Barfod is Assistant Professor at the Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, and ailiated with the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). Her work applies trace metals and non-traditional isotope systems to the medical and archaeological sciences. Dorothea Csitneki is completing an MA in Classical Archaeology at Ruhr-Universität Bochum. In 2012–13 she was a team member of the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, where she conducted the research for her thesis on the typology, chronology, and iconography of the Jerash Bowls. Line Egelund has a BA in Classical Archaeology from Aarhus University. She is Research Assistant in the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), where she works in the Ceramics in Context project. Genevieve A. Holdridge is Postdoc in Aarhus University’s Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). In 2016 she joined the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, working on the geoarchaeology and palaeoenvironment of Jerash. Georg Kalaitzoglou is Scientiic Employee at WWU Münster University. His work focuses on settlement archaeology and he has extensive ield experience, most recently as Head of Field during the campaigns of the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Signe B. Kristensen is completing an MA in Classical Archaeology at Aarhus University. Her work focuses on the domestic ceramic material of Jerash, mapping the production traditions of Late Roman–Byzantine Transjordan. Søren M. Kristiansen is Associate Professor in the Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, and ailiated with the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). His research focuses on geoarchaeology, soil science, and geomorphology. Achim Lichtenberger is Professor of Classical Archaeology and Director of the Archaeological Museum at WWU University Münster. His research focuses on Hellenistic and Roman cities and numismatics. His books include Kulte und Kultur der Dekapolis: Untersuchungen zu numismatischen, archäologischen und epigraphischen Zeugnissen (2003). Since 2011, he has, with Rubina Raja, directed the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Heike Möller is Assistant Professor at Aarhus University in the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), where she works on Roman to early Islamic pottery and trade networks in the Ceramics in Context project. Since 2015, she has been Head of Registration during the campaigns of the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Eva Mortensen is Scientiic Employee in Aarhus University’s Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). Basing her work on archival research, she examines the early explorers of the Levant through their travel accounts, diaries, sketches, drawings, photographs and maps. Mette Normann Pedersen has a BA in Anthropology, GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Archaeology and Linguistics from Aarhus University. She is Research Assistant in the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), working on Jerash, Palmyra, and south-west Asia Minor. Alex Peterson is completing a PhD in medieval Islamic archaeology at Aarhus University. In the Ceramics in Context project at the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), he is working on the settlement history and ceramics of the Middle Islamic period in Jerash. Rubina Raja is Professor of Classical Archaeology at Aarhus University and Director of the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). Her research focuses on urban societies and their manifestation in material and written culture, and she is the author of Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces, 50 BC - AD 250 (2012). Since 2011, she has, with Achim Lichtenberger, directed the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Ian A. Simpson is Professor and Head of the School of Environmental Geography at the University of Stirling. He has published on climate change and food security and on farming and fuel use in Iceland, Iran, and Nepal. As a team member of the Danish– German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project since 2015, he works on the geoarchaeology of Jerash. David Stott is Scientiic Employee in the Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, and is ailiated with Moesgaard Museum, where he works with geoarchaeology, remote sensing, geophysics, and GIS. Kristine Thomsen is completing a PhD at Aarhus University in the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet). Her work combines classical archaeology with geochemical methods in the excavation in Jerash, where, working with mortar analyses, she 5 uses geochemistry to understand complex urban space and development. Will Wootton is Senior Lecturer in Roman Art at King’s College London. His research focuses on craft production in antiquity, and he is particularly interested in the intersections between materials and techniques as well as craftsmen and clients. He has participated in numerous archaeological excavations and conservation projects around the world. 6 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the contributing authors and all team members; our home institutions, Aarhus University and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Nivin A. Hasan at the Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre in Amman for kindly supplying data; Karen Syrret at the British Academy for supplying imagery from the Sir Aurel Stein Archive; Ian Freestone at UCL for his contributions on the glass analyses; the Department of Antiquities in Amman and Jerash for their support of and commitment to the project; the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman for their support; the Carlsberg Foundation, the Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. 119), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and H. P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefondet for Dansk Palæstinaforskning for generous support of the project; Christina Levisen, Heidi Flegal and Lucy Seton-Watson for editing; and Christian Stefensen for layout and graphic design. GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY 7 Table of contents 1 Urban archaeology and the understanding of the past: Antiochia on the Chrysorrhoas, also called Gerasa...................................................... 9 Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja 2 A day on the dig ............................................................................................................................. 21 Line Egelund and Mette Normann Pedersen 3 Archive archaeology: rediscovering Jerash in the digital archives ...................27 Eva Mortensen 4 Excavating Jerash: archaeological aims, methods and techniques.................33 Georg Kalaitzoglou 5 Mapping ancient Gerasa with remote sensing............................................................. 41 David Stott and Søren M. Kristiansen 6 Modelling ancient Gerasa in three dimensions ...........................................................47 Ioanna Alexaki 7 Reading the book of nature in Jerash: the soil archives ..........................................53 Søren M. Kristiansen, Genevieve A. Holdridge and Ian A. Simpson 8 Ceramics in context: interpreting life through pottery ............................................59 Heike Möller 9 Medieval pottery from Jerash: the Middle Islamic settlement .......................... 67 Alex Peterson 10 Cooking up culture: production traditions in Late Roman–Byzantine locally produced cooking ware ...................................................75 Signe B. Kristensen 11 Gerasa: mortar matters ............................................................................................................ 83 Kristine Thomsen 12 Mosaics from the North-West Quarter of Jerash ....................................................... 89 Will Wootton 13 Jerash Bowls: ine tableware from Jerash ..................................................................... 99 Dorothea Csitneki 14 Animal bones from the North-West Quarter .............................................................. 107 Pernille Bangsgaard, Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja 15 “Recycling, reuse and reduce”: glass in ancient Gerasa .......................................115 Gry H. Barfod 16 Water management in the North-West Quarter of Gerasa/Jerash ................121 Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja 17 Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, Team 2011–2016..........131 18 Project bibliography ..................................................................................................................135 66 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY 9 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY 67 Medieval pottery from Jerash: the Middle Islamic settlement Alex Peterson Jerash was one of the cities of the Roman Decapolis and an important urban centre. The landscape of Jerash is still dominated by its Roman ruins, and the city was at its height in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period. This peak in urban life was seemingly halted abruptly with the devastating earthquake of 749 CE. Archaeological evidence for continuing occupation after the quake is much harder to detect, as only sporadic traces of continuing occupation into the Abbasid period or activity later in the Middle Islamic (Ayyubid-Mamluk, or twelfth to sixteenth century) have been documented within the city. Hitherto the only signiicant node of Mamluk settlement was documented around the vicinity of the Temple of Zeus in the southern part of the city (Tholbecq 1997–1998). The excavations conducted since 2011 by the Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, however, have begun to shed new light on the Middle Islamic period in Jerash. In fact, Middle Islamic occupation in Jerash is much better represented than previously thought, as recent discoveries have uncovered a large concentration both of Middle Islamic structures and of pottery. A residential complex was excavated, consisting of a large courtyard house (the Ionic Building) and two related building complexes with both isolated and joining rooms (Figure 1). This hamlet was situated alongside a terrace extending further east, with the larger courtyard house or Ionic Building located centrally on the summit of the hill. Beyond the archaeological record, the only clues to the nature of Jerash during the Middle Islamic period came from brief literary sources dating to the twelfth- Figure 1: Middle Islamic Hamlet from the North-West Quarter of Jerash, consisting of the ‘Ionic Building’, complex A, and complex B (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). century Crusades period. Historical chronicles of the Crusades written by Fulcher of Chartres and William of Tyre both mention an Islamic fortiication built there by the governor of Damascus in 1120 CE, and both state that it was besieged and subsequently razed to the ground by a Crusader army. In these accounts, Jerash is described as a city lying in ruins; nothing is said to indicate the presence of any other settlement in the once-lourishing Decapolis city. It seems that no extensive settlement in Jerash existed in the early twelfth century. The archaeological record, however, clearly indicates the presence of a signiicant residential domestic complex in Jerash 68 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY later in the Middle Islamic period, situated on the summit of the hill in the North-West Quarter. Based on the pottery inds, its origin probably dates to the late twelfth or early thirteenth centuries. Archaeological and historical research in northern Jordan has shown that numerous new settlements were formed during the early Mamluk period. Rather than a decline in the scope of settlement, patterns of settlement were probably reoriented following environmental, agricultural, and political change. Agricultural investment by the Mamluk sultanate fostered a demographically and economically healthy agricultural export market in the hills and valleys of northern Jordan. New towns and hamlets were built, or sometimes moved from one side of a wadi to the other (Walker 2011, 218). In Jerash, the Middle Islamic settlement can be characterised as a reuse of urban space, as the builders erected their structures over the Byzantine and Early Islamic remains. Both the substantial amount of Middle Islamic pottery present in the North-West Quarter and the evidence of architectural expansion of the hamlet over several generations relect patterns found at other sites within Jordan; however, the scale and character of the Middle Islamic activity in Jerash stands out in comparison to typical Middle Islamic rural sites in the region. The buildings are large and well planned and the material remains reveal both international connections and higher socioeconomic conditions. This is signiicant, and Jerash now represents an important new and previously unknown node of Middle Islamic activity in northern Jordan. NEW APPROACHES TO MIDDLE ISLAMIC POTTERY Following on from these new and exciting discoveries in the North-West Quarter, a new research initiative was launched to analyse the ceramic ind material. Classically, studies on pottery have tended to focus on typologies and technology, resulting in the publication of large and bulky volumes of ceramic catalogues. Although this is useful, pottery cannot be properly understood without investigating what it was used for. Investigating pottery as objects with a utilitarian use in day-to-day life can teach us a great deal about past societies. Not only do we gain insight into trade and manufacturing, but also into diet, food and eating trends, and human activities. Throughout history, pottery vessels have been important everyday objects, and it is important to examine the deeper social and economic meanings of pottery use. Little has been published on the pottery of this period, and the ongoing analysis of pottery remains from the Jerash North-West Quarter will provide a solid base for further research on Middle Islamic pottery at other rural and urban sites in northern Jordan. Figure 2: Closed handmade geometrically painted pottery jug from Jerash, J14-Ic-29-1x (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). Researching the ceramics of the Middle Islamic period poses several challenges. Although the art, history, and architecture of the Middle Islamic period has been well studied, research on the pottery remains at a very early stage. An underlying issue that continues to be problematic is the lack of any deinitive regional chronological and typological distinctions for Islamic ceramics. In the past, a bias in archaeological sampling and procedure existed, GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY resulting in Islamic pottery often being neglected or misdated. Furthermore, many of the historically based period divisions (Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, or Mamluk) for Islamic pottery are inappropriate as changes in the pottery rarely it within these political events. Ceramic studies are often purely typological in nature and treat ceramics as isolated objects. As a result, the social context of these objects is often lost within large volumes. As mentioned above, it is crucial to remember that ceramic objects played a part in everyday life. By understanding how pottery was used as an everyday utility item, aspects of social life can be better investigated. 69 painted vessels primarily consist of common table wares, including closed jugs (Figure 2), open bowls (Figure 3), and dishes (Figure 4). Wheel-made jugs, amphorae, glazed vessels, and sugar pots were also produced during this period. In the North-West Quarter, glazed bowls with one or two colours have been documented, but wheel-made pottery has been diicult to distinguish due to poor preservation. The absence of sugar pots at the site means that the hamlet was probably not connected with the lucrative sugar industry of the time. Examining this pottery will enable us to better understand the settlement history of Jerash in the Middle Islamic period; conversely, the pottery itself can be better understood through empirical and contextual analysis of the inds from the North-West Quarter. This will lead both to a more developed ceramic typology for Jerash and its regional context, and an improved understanding of what daily life might have looked like in a Middle Islamic hamlet. Figure 3: Open handmade geometrically painted pottery bowl from Jerash, J16-Tc-60-18 (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). One of the irst signs dating the complex to the Middle Islamic period was its association with handmade geometrically painted pottery, a pottery type that became increasingly popular in the twelfth century and has been found widely distributed throughout Jordan and the Levant. Both handmade geometric painted wares and undecorated handmade wares are typically associated with the Ayyubid–Mamluk period, originating as early as the late eleventh century and remaining in use until at least the ifteenth century. In a few instances, this type of pottery production has been found into the early twentieth century (Walker 2014, 194). In the North-West Quarter, handmade geometric Figure 4: Open handmade geometrically painted pottery plate from Jerash, J13-D-9-2 + J13-E-17-1 (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). 70 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY DAILY LIFE, SOCIAL NETWORKS, HUMAN ACTIVITIES Analysed in relation to the architecture of the hamlet and their speciic context, ceramic inds can assist in clarifying the chronology and relationship between the structures on the site. Within the larger courtyard house, there are at least two loor layers, with signs of repairs over time. Along with this, architectural analysis determined that the entire complex went through three phases of development and that this was probably undertaken by a larger community over several generations. Close examination of the pottery inds documented with the loor layers can shed light on the chronological development of these three phases. ifteenth centuries, was discovered embedded in the youngest loor of the courtyard house. If the Crusades-period chronicle was accurate in its description of Jerash’s abandonment, it would place the construction of the North-West Quarter hamlet in the late thirteenth century, but historical narratives are rarely reliable and it may have been built earlier in the late Ayyubid period in the twelfth century. Based on the green glazed bowl embedded in the younger loor, it could be argued that the hamlet Figure 6: Green glazed bowl popular during the fourteenth and ifteenth centuries (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). Figure 5: Slip painted glazed sherd similar to a type excavated with the older loor level, twelfth to thirteenth century (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). Glazed pottery is much rarer on the site than the typical handmade geometrically painted pottery ware, but can be more precisely dated. Within an older loor level, a sherd from a slip-painted glazed vessel (Figure 5) dating to the twelfth or thirteenth century was found. Likewise, a green glazed bowl (Figure 6), popular during the fourteenth and was inhabited, or remained viable, until at least the fourteenth or ifteenth century. This is interesting, as it would attest to a large community residing on the hilltop over several generations within an area that scholars have long considered abandoned. After the house’s construction, it is clear that additions were built onto it over time, and loors renovated and repaired by the individuals who lived there. The presence of glazed wares also relects the elite status of the individuals living in the larger courtyard house. Glazed wares were much rarer and more expensive, and owning such a vessel would be a symbol demonstrating an individual’s wealth. Our research on the pottery continues, and we hope it will reveal further aspects of the socioeconomic conditions of these communities over a long period of use. GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Though the excavations in the building complexes east of the courtyard house produced fewer datable glazed sherds, the architecture and pottery inds across all three complexes demonstrate that these buildings are contemporary. The larger courtyard house was joined to the Middle Islamic buildings further east along the terrace by a long east–west wall. Sherds from a handmade painted vessel documented in the courtyard house also joined with a sherd found on the loor of the complex to the east (Figure 7). The courtyard house is thus shown to be architecturally linked to the Middle Islamic structures to the east not only through the shared east–west running wall, but also through the pottery. Thus the Middle Islamic activity across the hilltop can be related chronologically. The courtyard house is therefore just one part of a larger Middle Islamic domestic complex, which was planned and realised. 71 shared in large communal gatherings, as opposed to individual families. Excavations in the courtyard house have produced fantastic assemblages that when put in context with other inds clarify its role in relation to the other two. Most of the glazed pottery originates from trenches sited in the courtyard house that also yielded luxurious objects such as metal utensils, jewellery, pierced pearl beads, amber Figure 8: Blue glazed sherd from the North-West Quarter of Jerash (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). Figure 7: Photograph of the interior surface of the two joining sherds found linking the courtyard house to the complex B to the east (see Figure 1) (Danish–German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project). Clues to the functions and aspects of daily life can also be gleaned from ceramic evidence. For instance, when the handmade geometrically painted pottery was examined, many of the forms of tableware had larger diameters than similar forms of earlier periods. This could be a pointer to meals being beads, and multicoloured painted wall plaster. Its rooms are very ornate in comparison with the other buildings. Corroded coins and a small metal weight that could have been for weighing coinage may point to some kind of exchange taking place. In sum, the courtyard house or the Ionic Building has a much more representative appearance. Its ornate and representative character stands out compared with the other buildings, revealing its function as the possible social and economic centre of the Middle Islamic hamlet in the North-West Quarter. Its representative nature may point to this building having a role in liaison between the residents of the North-West Quarter and the local Mamluk administrators. 72 GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY Figure 9: Map depicting Middle Islamic Jerash within a larger social network, based upon imported inds found on the site (Alex Peterson). The glazed pottery inds have shed additional light on the hamlet’s role as a nodal point within a larger social network. While a large proportion of the handmade geometrically painted pottery wares and green glazed wares were made locally or perhaps regionally, other inds point to wider ties beyond the hamlet’s immediate hinterland. Several slip-painted glazed sherds of a style produced in Palestine were found, and a faience pendant from Egypt was also documented. These ties portray some of the geographical ties linking the community to a larger and interconnected world. Even more interesting are inds of blue glazed sherds (Figure 8), which indicate the hamlet had links to regions beyond the Near East. Blue glazed vessels were of a type commonly produced in modern-day China. The vessels probably came to Jordan through the port at Aqaba, and then reached Jerash along one of the north-south trade routes. All this means that we cannot view the rural hamlet in Jerash as isolated: it too had connections both to the wider region and out to the world through social networks and trade. Indeed, the hamlet is a nodal point within a much larger social and economic network linking the medieval Islamic world (Figure 9). In conclusion, it is now clear that a substantial building complex existed in the North-West Quarter of Jerash in the Middle Islamic period. As the literary sources ofer little guidance here, it is the material remains that we must work with to gain a deeper understanding of the scope, function, and character of the Middle Islamic hamlet. Our initial assessment of pottery from the selected contexts has begun to shed light on the chronology and function of the complex. With a contextual approach to the ceramic repertoire, both the settlement history and the urban lifestyle of this newly discovered Middle Islamic settlement can be better understood. Even more importantly, since little has been published on Middle Islamic pottery in this region, the pottery assemblage from Jerash will be fruitful for further analysis of pottery at other sites in northern Jordan. GERASA/JERASH FROM THE URBAN PERIPHERY 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER READING Avissar, M. and E. Stern. 2005. Pottery of the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Periods in Israel. IAA Reports No. 26. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. Babcock, E. A. and A. C. Krey, trans. 1943. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, By William Archbishop of Tyre. New York: Columbia University Press. Franken, H. J. 1975. Potters of a Medieval Village in the Jordan Valley. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. Fulcherius, C. 1913. Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127), edited by H. Hagenmeyer. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitatsbuchhandlung. Johns, J. 1998. “The Rise of Middle Islamic HandMade Geometrically-Painted Ware in Bilad al-Sham (11th-13th Centuries AD).” Colloque International d’archéologie Islamique, vol. 38, pp. 65–93. Kareem, J. 2000. The Settlement Patterns in the Jordan Valley in the Mid-to Late Islamic Period. BAR International Series 877. Oxford: Archaeopress. Lichtenberger, A. and R. Raja. 2016. “Jerash in the Middle Islamic Period: Connecting Texts and Archaeology through New Evidence from the North-West Quarter.” In Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 63–81. Milwright, M. 2010. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Tholbecq, L. 1997–1998. “Une installation d’époque islamique dans le sanctuaire de Zeus de Jerash.” ARAM , vol. 9–10, pp. 153–179. Walker, B. 2011. Jordan in the Late Middle Ages: Transformation of the Mamluk Frontier. Chicago: Middle East Documentation Centre. — 2014. “Production and Distribution of HandMade Geometric-Painted and Plain Hand-Made Wares of the Mamluk Period: A Case Study from Northern Israel, Jerusalem and Tall Hisban.” Journal of Islamic Archaeology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 192–230.