Countering Violent Extremism (CVE): A Resource Page

Last updated: March 12, 2024

In 2014, the U.S. government announced a new anti-terrorism initiative in the United States. The program, dubbed Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), aims to deter U.S. residents from joining “violent extremist” groups by bringing community and religious leaders together with law enforcement, health professionals, teachers and social service employees. Attorney General Eric Holder announced a White House CVE summit and three CVE pilot programs to begin in Boston, Minneapolis, and Los Angeles.

These programs, however, are not new. CVE programs have existed for some time, often with dubious results. And while purportedly aimed at rooting out all violent extremism, they have previously focused only on Muslims, stigmatizing them as a suspect community. These programs have further promoted flawed theories of terrorist radicalization which lead to unnecessary fear, discrimination, and unjustified reporting to law enforcement.

This resource page is intended to provide journalists, policy-makers, and the public information about CVE programs so that informed decisions can be made regarding whether and how they should be implemented in the future.

• Little Change in Biased, Ineffective DHS Countering Violent Extremism Program (Spencer Reynolds, Jose Guillermo Gutierrez & Melanie Geller, Brennan Center for Justice, February 2024) 
• DHS ‘Violence Prevention’ Grants Continue to Harm Marginalized Communities (Spencer Reynolds & Gabriella Sanchez, Brennan Center for Justice, April 27, 2023)
• DHS Rebrands and Expands Biased, Ineffective Countering Violent Extremism Program (Spencer Reynolds, Jose Guillermo Gutierrez & Alia Shahzad, Brennan Center for Justice, April 27, 2023) 
• Community Investment, Not Criminalization (Harsha Panduranga, Brennan Center for Justice, June 2021) 
• Why Countering Violent Extremism Programs are Bad Policy (Brennan Center for Justice, September 2019) 
• Countering Violent Extremism in the Trump Era (Faiza Patel, Andrew Lindsay & Sophia DenUyl, Brennan Center for Justice, June 2018) 
• Countering Violent Extremism: Freedom of Information Law Requests (Brennan Center for Justice, June 2017) 
• Countering Violent Extremism (Faiza Patel & Meghan Koushik, Brennan Center for Justice, March 2017) 
• Countering Violent Extremism: Myths and Fact (Brennan Center for Justice, November 2015) 

CVE in the Biden Administration 

• Biden Team Promises New Approach to Extremism, but Critics See Old Patterns (Odette Yousef, NPR, January 27, 2022) 
• Insight into Biden’s Counterterrorism Thinking Suggests More of the Same (Annie Shiel, Jordan Street & Abigail Watson, Just Security, October 18, 2021) 
• New Name, Same Flaws, Pt. 2: Muslim Activists Call BS on Biden (Cody Bloomfield, Defending Rights and Dissent, July 22, 2021) 
• Critics Say Biden’s Plan to Combat Domestic Extremism Repeats Past Mistakes (Rupa Shenoy, The World, July 1, 2021) 
• Countering Violent Extremism: Three Moves Biden Should Make Now (Farah Pandith, Council on Foreign Relations, January 28, 2021) 

CVE in the Trump Administration

• Suspected and Surveilled: A Report on Countering Violent Extremism in Chicago (March 2019) 
• Worst Suspicions Confirmed: Government Reports Show Domestic Anti-Terrorism Efforts Target Minorities (Emmanuel Mauleon, Just Security, October 3, 2018)   
• Targeting Muslims? (Rasheed Shabazz, East Bay Express, October 3, 2018) 
• Federal DHS grants on extremism concern Muslims in Michigan (Niraj Warikoo, Detroit Free Press, September 16, 2018)   
• LA mayor turns down $425K in federal funding to counter violent extremism after opposition from civil rights groups stalls process (Deepa Bharath, Daily News, August 16, 2018) 
• Federal “Countering Violent Extremism” Grant Focuses on Minority Communities Including Schools (Murtaza Hussain, The Intercept, June 15, 2018) 
• Trump’s DHS Gives Right-Wing Extremists a Pass (Washington Post, August 31, 2017) 
• Worrying Trends in the Trump Administration’s Approach to Countering Violent Extremism (Alia Awadallah, Center for American Progress, August 17, 2017) 
• Trump Signals to Cut Unpopular Countering Extremism Programs (Murtaza Hussain, Intercept, August 4, 2017) 
• Denver – DPD sets sights on Black Lives Matter, LGBTQ groups, and Refugees (Waqas Mirza, Muckrock, March 9, 2017) 
• Sebastian Gorka, the West Wing’s Phony Foreign-Policy Guru (Bob Dreyfuss, Rolling Stone, August 10, 2017) 
• The U.S. Government’s Fight Against Violent Extremism Loses Its Leader (Pete Beinart, Atlantic, July 31, 2017) 
• Fighting Terrorism Without Dividing Us: Why Congress Must Look Beyond Countering Violent Extremism (Faiza Patel & Michael German, Just Security, July 28, 2017) 
• Opening Statement: “Combating Homegrown Terrorism” (Chairman Ron DeSantis, Sub Committee on National Security, July 27, 2017) 
• The Trump Administration Provides One More Reason to Discontinue CVE (Faiza Patel, Just Security, July 12, 2017) 
• DHS Strips Funding From Group That Counters Neo-Nazi Violence (Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, Foreign Policy, June 26, 2017) 
• Trump Plan Leads to Uncertain Future for Countering Violent Extremism Program (Deepa Bharath, The Orange Corifghunty Register, Feb. 24, 2017) 
• Trump’s CVE Program Going From Bad to Worse (Nadim Houry, Just Security, Feb. 22, 2017) 
• Non-Profits React to Reports Trump Could Focus on Radical Islam (Masood Farivar, Voice of America News, Feb. 11, 2017) 
• Fourth Muslim Group Rejects Federal Grant to Fight Extremism (Tami Abdollah, Associated Press, Feb. 11, 2017) 
• Trump’s Anti-Extremism Proposal Could Alienate Muslims And Cut Funds to Fight White Nationalists (Jessica Schulberg, Huffington Post, Feb. 10, 2017) 
• U.S. Senators Denounce Trump Plan to Focus Counter-Extremism Program on Islam (Dustin Volz, Reuters, Feb. 9, 2017) 
• Trump Admin Eyes Scrapping Anti-Extremism Program (Jim Acosta and Eli Watkins, CNN, Feb. 3, 2017) 
• Citing Trump, Minneapolis Somali Nonprofit Rejects $500,000 Counterextremism Grant (Stephen Montemayor, Star Tribune, Feb. 3, 2017) 
• Exclusive: Trump to Focus Counter-Extremism Program Solely on Islam—Sources (Julia Edwards Ainsley, Dustin Volz and Kristina Cooke, Reuters, Feb. 2, 2017) 
• Pointing to Trump, Groups Reject U.S. Aid to Fight Extremism (Ron Nixon, Adam Goldman, and Matt Apuzzo, New York Times, Feb. 2, 2017) 
• Exclusive: Trump Team Seeks Names of Officials Working to Counter Violent Extremism (Warren Strobel and Arshad Mohammed, Reuters, Dec. 23, 2016) 

Reliance on the debunked theory of radicalization:

 

• How Do Police View the Neo-Nazi/White Supremacist Threat? (Patrick G. Eddington, CATO Institute, August 14, 2017) 
• CVE Programs Criminalizing Identity (Yolanda Rondon, Huffington Post, June 24, 2017) 
• My Son the Jihadist (Nicola Benyahia, New York Times, July 8, 2017) 
• Letter from Nicole Nguyen & Stacey Krueger, Researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago, to Members of Congress et al, Concerning the Questionable Use of Academic Research to Support CVE Initiatives (October 5, 2016) 
• Academics Criticise Anti-Radicalisation Strategy in Open Letter (Alice Ross, Guardian, September 28, 2016) 
• Radical Thinking: Can Violent Extremism be Prevented by Addressing Mental Health? (Jessica J Stevenson, openDemocracy UK, August 10, 2016) 
• We Need to Rethink the Relationship Between Mental Health and Political Violence (Benjamin Ramm, openDemocracy UK, July 28, 2016) 
• How a Muslim Advocacy Group in Florida is Doing What the Government has So Far Failed To Do (Abigail Hauslohner, Washington Post, July 4, 2016) 
• Countering Violent Extremism—End Government Extremism (Bruce Fein, Huffington Post, June 30, 2016) 
• Evaluation of a Multi-Faceted, U.S. Community Based, Muslim-led CVE Program (Michael J. Williams, John G. Horgan, William P. Evans, June 2016) 
• Countering Violent Extremism Programs are not the Solution to Orlando Mass Shooting (Sahar Aziz, Brookings Institution, June 29, 2016) 
• Who Will Become a Terrorist? Research Yields Few Clues (Matt Apuzzo, New York Times, Mar. 27, 2016)   
• UK Teachers See Thin Line Between Spy and Protector (Simon Hooper, Al Jazeera, April 13, 2015) 
• A New Frame for CVE—Analyze Beliefs, But Counter Behavior (Anastasia Norton, Alysha Bedig, Harriera Siddiq, Lawfare, March 15, 2015) 
• Is Your Child a Terrorist? U.S. Government Questionnaire Rates Families at Risk for Extremism (Murtaza Hussain, Cora Currier, and Jana Winter; First Look, February 9, 2015) 
• Problematic Knowledge: How “Terrorism” Resists Expertise (Lisa Stampnitzky, Capturing Security Expertise: Practice, Power, and Responsibility, Routledge: 2015) 
• Boston’s “Countering Violent Extremism” Program: The Dangers of Reliance on a Debunked Theory of Terrorism (Event, November 19, 2014) 
• Stigmatizing Boston’s Muslim Community is No Way to Build Trust (Michael German, Brennan Center for Justice, October 9, 2014) 
• Radically Wrong: A Counterproductive Approach to Counterterrorism (ACLU blog series beginning February 14, 2013) 
• Debunked NYPD Radicalization Report Just Won’t Die (Mike German, ACLU, February 11, 2013) 
• Radicalization: The Journey of a Concept (Arun Kundnani, Race & Class, October-December 2012) 
• Learning from Past Civil Liberties Mistakes (Mike German, CATO Institute, June 21, 2012) 
• Patel & Kundnani: Counter-Radicalization Lessons From The United Kingdom (Faiza Patel and Arun Kundnani, Roll Call, July 28, 2011) 
• Rethinking Radicalization (Faiza Patel, The Hill, June 14, 2011)   
• Beyond Radicalization: Towards an Integrated Anti-Violence Rule of Law Strategy (Colm Campbell, University of Ulster Transitional Justice Institute: Research Paper, April 7, 2011) 
• The Muslim “radicalization” myth: Debunked (Justin Elliot, Salon, March 12, 2011) 
• Rethinking Radicalization: A Report (Faiza Patel, Brennan Center for Justice, March 8, 2011) 
• Disciplining an Unruly Field: Terrorism Experts and Theories of Scientific/Intellectual Production (Lisa Stampnitzky, Qualitative Sociology, December 14, 2010) 
• Flawed Theories on Violent Extremism Lead to Bad Policy (Mike German, ACLU, May 6, 2010) 
• The Edge of Violence: A Radical Approach to Extremism (Jamie Bartlett, Jonathan Birdwell & Michael King, Demos, 2010) 
• MI5 Report Challenges Views on Terrorism in Britain (Alan Travis, Guardian, August 20, 2008) 
• Concerns with Mitchell D. Silber & Arvin Bhatt, N.Y. Police Dep’t, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (Aziz Huq, Brennan Center for Justice, August 30, 2007) 

Exploitation of community outreach for intelligence purposes:

• Harvard Graduate School of Education Hosts Event Discussing Surveillance of Muslim Youth (Lainey A. Newman, Harvard Crimson, April 6, 2018) 
• Chicago Group Opposing Neo-Nazis Planned to Target Jihadists Too (Alex Ruppenthal, Chicago Tonight, August 23, 2017) 
• DHS Awards Grants to Counter Terrorist Recruitment and Radicalization in U.S. (Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, June 23, 2017) 
• The Dangers of Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Programs (Alice LoCicero, Psychology Today, July 19, 2016) 
• The FBI Is Ramping Up Use of Informants to Snoop on Muslims (Patrick Eddington, Reason, May 6, 2016) 
• Inside the FBI’s Secret Muslim Network (Michael Hirsch, Politico, March 24, 2016) 
• Muslims Fear Anti-Terror Program Could Spy On Their Communities (Laura Yuen, MPR News, January 30, 2015) 
• FBI’s Seattle Somali Community Outreach Programs Targeted for Spying, Reports Say (Venice Buhain, Seattle Globalist, January 30, 2015) 
• Ex-Head of Boston Police Pushes for More Domestic Intelligence Gathering (Bryan Bender, Boston Globe, January 29, 2015) 
• Community Outreach or Intelligence Gathering? A Closer Look at Countering Violent Extremism Programs (Michael Price, January 29, 2015) 
• Minneapolis FBI Refused to Use Somali Outreach for Spying (Paul McEnroe, Star Tribune, January 28, 2015) 
• Spies Among Us: How Community Outreach Programs to Muslims Blur Lines Between Outreach and Intelligence (Cora Currier, Intercept, Jan. 21, 2015) 
• ACLU Eye on the FBI: The San Francisco FBI conducted a years-long Mosque Outreach program that collected and illegally stored intelligence about American Muslims’ First Amendment-protected religious beliefs and practices (ACLU, March 27, 2012) 
• ACLU Eye on the FBI: The FBI is using the guise of “community outreach” to collect and illegally store intelligence information on Americans’ political and religious beliefs (ACLU, December 1, 2011) 

Community and Civil Liberties’ Groups Concerns about CVE programs:

• Coalition Letter to Senate Calling for Defunding of DHS Grants Program on Targeted Violence and Terrorism (Brennan Center for Justice, April 2023) 
• Civil Rights Group Calls on Biden to Change Domestic Terrorism Strategy (Julia Shapero, Hill, December 2, 2022) 
• Black Twice: Policing Black Muslim Identities (Emmanuel Mauleon, UCLA Law Review, 2018) 
• California has resisted Trump’s attempts to target Muslims. So should Los Angeles (Laboni Hoq, Sacramento Bee, July 18, 2018) 
• We must be prudent about Dearborn’s police CVE program (Nour Soubani, Arab American News, March 16, 2018) 
• Young Muslim Collective Hosts Forum on CVE (Sue Udry, Defending Rights and Dissent, October 14, 2017) 
• The Brennan Center and Over 50 Groups Sent Letter to House of Representatives and Senate Opposing Expansion of CVE Programs to White Supremacists (Brennan Center for Justice, September 7, 2017) 
• Letter for Hearing on Combating Homegrown Terrorism (Shannon Al-Wakeel, Muslim Justice League, July 26, 2017) 
• Countering Violent Extremism Program Divides Communities, Perpetuates Islamophobia (Abdi Warsame, Star Tribune, Feb. 13, 2017) 
• Letter to the Editor: Anti-Radicalization Strategy Lacks Evidence Based in Science (Guardian, September 28, 2016) 
• Civil Liberties and Human Services Groups Raise Concerns About DHS Countering Violent Extremism Grants (American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, September 1, 2016) 
• Letter from Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) and Other to the Hon. Jeh Johnson, Secretary of Homeland Security Concerning Objections to DHS’s Fiscal year 2016 CVE Grant Program (August 31, 2016) 
• Petition Urging American Psychological Association (APA) President Susan McDaniel and Others to Evaluate and Take Official Position on CVE Programs (Carrie York Al-Karam, August 2016) 
• Civil Rights Express Outrage Over FBI Student Profiling Program (Richard Fowler, American Federation of Teachers, August 11, 2016) 
• Boston Finds Muslim Surveillance Program “Flawed and Problematic” But Implements It Anyway (Waqas Mirza, Muckrock, May 13, 2016) 
• CVE Watch Project (JPat Brown & Waqas Mirza, Muckrock, 2016) 
• Letter to House Leadership from 29 Civil Liberties Groups Opposing H.R. 2899, The Countering Violent Extremism Act of 2015 (December 4, 2015) 
• 21 Groups Oppose “Strong Cities” CVE Initiative, Citing Civil Liberties Concerns (September 21, 2015)   
• Citing Civil Liberties Concerns, 48 Groups Oppose Countering Violent Extremism Act (July 14, 2015) 
• Homeland Security Chief Hears Skepticism on Effort to Identify Extremists (Liz Robbins, New York Times, May 7, 2015) 
• Minnesota Muslims Concerned About New “Stigmatizing, Divisive and Ineffective” CVE Pilot Program  (May 1, 2015) 
• Muslim Student Associations Across CA Against Federal Government’s Countering Violent Extremism Programs (MSA West, February 21, 2015) 
• Questions for Attendees Re: Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Summit (Darakshan Raja, Dr. Maha Hilal & Ramah Kudaimi, Washington Peace Center & National Coalition to Protect Civil Freedoms, February 18, 2015) 
• Joint Statement Regarding Upcoming Summit on Countering Violent Extremism (9 human rights, civil liberties & community-based organizations, February 17, 2015) 
• Boston Coalition Letter to DHS Re: Grave Concerns Regarding “Countering Violent Extremism” Pilot Programs (February 13, 2015) 
• CAIR-MN: Civil Rights Groups Concerned About Minneapolis CVE Pilot Program (Event, January 30, 2015) 
• Community Outreach or Intelligence Gathering? (Michael Price, Brennan Center for Justice, January 29, 2015) 
• Civil Rights Groups Concerned About Minneapolis CVE Pilot Program (Council on American-Islamic Relations, January 23, 2015) 
• Spies Among Us: How Community Outreach Programs to Muslims Blur Lines Between Outreach and Intelligence (Cora Currier, Intercept, January 21, 2015) 
• Coalition Letter to Obama Administration on Countering Violent Extremism Program (ACLU, December 18, 2014) 
• Los Angeles Based Groups Serving American Muslim Communities CVE Statement (Asian Americans Advancing Justice, November 13, 2014) 
• Boston Coalition Letter to the Department of Homeland Security Regarding CVE Programs (Brennan Center for Justice, June 6, 2014) 

CVE on the International Front

• UN Peace Operations Should Get Off the Counter-Terror Bandwagon (Larry Attree and Jordan Street, Just Security, September 4, 2018) 
• The Globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism Policy  (Arun Kundnani and Ben Hayes, Transnational Institute, March 6, 2018) 
• USAID CVE International Programs (USAID, May 14, 2018) 
• Why we’re concerned about Sara Khan, the new anti-extremism chief (Bushra Wasty and Sulekha Hassan, Guardian, January 25, 2018) 
• To Combat Extremism We Need Local Partnership (Mina Chang, The Hill, July 17, 2017) 
• The Question of the Day: How to Protect Human Rights Online While Countering Violent Extremism (Deborah Brown & Rafik Dammak, Association for Progressive Communication News, September 26, 2016) 
• Britain’s Loose Definition of Extremism is Stoking a Global Crackdown On Dissent (Jane Kinninmon, Guardian, September 23, 2016)   
• British Woman Held After Being Seen Reading Book About Syria On Plane (Sian Cain, Guardian, August 4, 2016) 
• Children At Risk of Radicalization Not 'Outwardly Vulnerable,' Social Workers Told (Luke Stevenson, Community Care UK, August 3, 2016) 
• Counter-Extremism: Second Report of Session 2016–17 (House of Lords, House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights, July 22, 2016) 
• Report on Best Practices and Lessons Learned On How Protecting and Promoting Human Rights Contribute to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (United Nations Doc. A/HRC/33/29, 2016) 
• How A Danish Town Helped Young Muslims Turn Away From ISIS (Hanna Rosin, NPR, July 15, 2016) 
• Reception and Perception of Radical Messages (The Samir Kassir Foundation, June 2016) 
• Study of Data Held by Caffcass in Cases Featuring Radicalisation Concerns (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, May 31, 2016) 
• The Watchmen: Will Dutch Counterterrorism Force Muslims to Betray (Borzou Daragahi, Buzzfeed, May 14, 2016) 
• UNHRC 31: “Preventing Violent Extremism” Poses Dangers to Free Expression (Article 19, March 17, 2016)   
• UN HRC: Resolution on “Violent Extremism” Undermines Clarity (Article 19, October 8, 2015) 
• Extremism and 'Prevent’: the Need to Trust in Education (Paul Thomas & Ted Cantle, openDemocracy UK, December 10, 2014) 
• Taking the Think Project Forward: The Need for Preventative Anti-Extremism Educational Work (Paul Thomas & Ted Cantle, Think Project, January 2014) 
• Responding to the Threat of Violent Extremism: Failing to Prevent (Paul Thomas, Bloomsbury Publishing: London, UK, September 9, 2012) 

CVE and Technology

• U.S. Hired Cambridge Analytica’s Parent Company to Undermine Terrorist Recruiters Online (Dell Cameron, Gizmodo, August 21, 2018) 
• Software Scrapes Big Data for Big Danger (Scott Seckel, ASU Now, August 9, 2016) 
• Through the Looking Glass: Harnessing Big Data to Respond to Violent Extremism (Michele Piercey, Carolyn Forbes, Hasan Davuclu, Devex, August 1, 2016) 
• How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Warn Us of Another Dallas (Brian Fung, Washington Post, July 10, 2016) 
• A New Algorithm Could Predict ISIS Attacks (Karen Turner, Washington Post, June 23, 2016) 
• New Online Ecology of Adversarial Aggregates: ISIS and Beyond (N. F. Johnson, M. Zheng, et. al., Science, June 17, 2016) 
• Fighting ISIS With an Algorithm, Physicists Try to Predict Attacks (Pam Belluck, New York Times, June 16, 2016) 
• Suppressing Extremist Speech: There’s an Algorithm for That! (Elias Groll, Foreign Policy, June 17, 2016) 
• The Government Wants Silicon Valley to Build Terrorist-Spotting Algorithms. But Is It Possible? (Kahmir Hill, Fusion, January 14, 2016) 

Scholarship questioning the efficacy of CVE programs:

• From CVE to ‘Terrorism Prevention’: Assessing New U.S. Policies (William Braniff, The Washington Institute, November 17, 2017) 
• Countering Violent Extremism: Actions Needed to Define Strategy and Assess Progress of Federal Efforts (U.S. Government Accountability Office, April 6, 2017) 
• Fighting Terrorism Without Dividing Us: Why Congress Must Look Beyond Countering Violent Extremism (Michael German, Faiza Patel, Just Security, July 27, 2017) 
• Letter to Editor: Sorry No More Chances for CVE (Andrea Hall, Just Security, July 18, 2017) 
• Civic Approaches to Confronting Violent Extremism: Sector Recommendations and Best Practices (Abbas Barzegar, Shawn Powers, Nagham El Karhili, Institute of Strategic Dialogue, September 2016) 
• The Dangers of Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Programs (Alice LoCicero & J. Wesley Boyd, Psychology Today, July 19, 2016) 
• Preventing Education? Human Rights And UK Counter-Terrorism Policy in Schools (Rights Watch UK, July 2016) 
• The EU Counter-Terrorism Policy Responses to the Attacks in Paris: Towards an EU Security and Liberty Agenda (D. Bigo, E. Brouwer, S. Carrera, E. Guild, E.-P. Guittet, J. Jeandesboz, F. Ragazzi & A. Sherrer, CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe, February 2015) 
• A Decade Lost: Rethinking Radicalisation and Extremism (Arun Kundnani, Claystone: Report, January 2015) 
• Towards “Policed Multiculturalism”? Counter-Radicalization in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (Francesco Ragazzi, Les Etudes du CERI, September-December 2014) 
• The Muslims Are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror (Arun Kundnani, March 2014) 
• Countering Violent Extremism as a Field of Practice (U.S. Institute of Peace: Insights Newsletter, Spring 2014) 
• Preventing and Countering Youth Radicalisation in the EU (E.-P. Guittet, F. Ragazzi, L. Bonelli & D. Bigo, European Parliament: Report, 2014) 
• The Way Forward on Combating Al-Qa’ida-Inspired Violent Extremism in the United States: Suggestions for the Next Administration (David Schanzer, Institute for Social Policy and Understanding: Report, October 2012) 
• Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us (Clark McCauley & Sophia Moskalenko, March 2, 2011) 
• Preventing Violent Extremism (U.K. House of Commons: Report, March 16, 2010) 
• Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans (D. Schanzer, C. Kurzman & E. Moosa, National Institute of Justice: Report, January 6, 2010) 
• Individual and Group Mechanisms of Radicalization (Clark McCauley & Sophia Moskalenko, Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment and, Air Force Research Laboratory: Report, January 2010) 
• Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism (Arun Kundnani, Institute of Race Relations: Report, October 2009) 
• Winning the Battle but Losing the War? Narrative and Counter-Narrative Strategy (C. McCauley, S. Moskalenko, T. Hataley & C. Leuprecht, Perspectives on Terrorism, August 2009) 
• Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism (Clark McCauley & Sophia Moskalenko, Terrorism and Political Violence, July 3, 2008) 

Concerns over right-wing violent radicalization:

• Law Enforcement Assessment of the Violent Extremist Threat (Charles Kurzman & Davis Schanzer, Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, June 2015) 
• Homegrown Extremism: Deadly Attacks Since 9/11 (New America Foundation, International Security Project, Summer 2015)  
• Homegrown Extremists Tied to Deadlier Toll Than Jihadists in U.S. Since 9/11  (New York Times, June 24, 2015)

Concerns over the FBI’s “Don’t Be a Puppet” Initiative in Schools:

• Proportion of Terrorist Attacks by Religious and Right-wing Extremists on the Rise in United States (Jessica Stark Rivinius, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, November 2, 2017)   
• “Is the DOJ targeting the real terrorists?” (Office of Rep. Robin Kelly, August 29, 2017) 
• FBI Establishes A Presence In Schools (Alyssa Zaczek, SCTimes, September 19, 2016) 
• FBI’s Don’t Be A Puppet Game Targets Muslim Youth, Teachers’ Union Says (Mazin Sidahmed, The Guardian, August 26, 2016) 
• Letter from the American Federation of Teachers and Other Organizations to the Hon. James Comey, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation Concerning Don’t Be A Puppet (August 9, 2016) 
• What Could Go Wrong With Asking Teachers To Monitor Kids for 'Extremist’ Beliefs? (Danielle Jefferis, ACLU, June 20, 2016) 
• Is Your Kid A Threat? The Feds Want to Know (Michael German, USA Today, June 17, 2016)   
• Letter Details FBI Plan for Secretive Anti-Radicalization Committees (Cora Currier and Murtaza Hussain, The Intercept, Apr. 28, 2016) 
• FBI’s “Shared Responsibility Committees” to Identify “Radicalized” Muslims Raise Alarms (Murtaza Hussain and Jenna McLaughlin, The Intercept, Apr. 9, 2016) 
• Letter to the FBI from 14 Civil Liberties Groups Re: “Don’t Be a Puppet” Website (Apr. 5, 2016) 
• F.B.I. Tool to Identify Extremists is Criticized (Laurie Goodstein, New York Times, Nov. 1, 2015) 
• Muslim Activists Alarmed by the FBI’s New Game-Like Counterterrorism Program for Kids (Michelle Boorstein, Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2015)   
• Letter to Att’y Gen. Loretta Lynch from Rep. Bennie Thompson Requesting Oversight of the FBI’s CVE Activities  (H. Comm. on Homeland Sec., Nov. 5, 2015) 
• Muslim Activists Alarmed By the FBI’s New Game-Like Counterterrorism Program for Kids (Michelle Boorstein, Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2015)   
• Preventing Violent Extremism in Schools (Office of Partner Engagement, FBI, January 2016) 
• Do Not Target Our Children, Do Not Make Our Teachers Government Puppets (Yolanda Rondon, Huffington Post, Feb. 8, 2016) 
• FBI Wants Schools to Spy on Their Students’ Thoughts (Danielle Jefferis, Just Security, Mar. 11, 2016) 
• Civil Rights Leaders Express Outrage Over FBI Student Profiling Program (American Federation of Teachers, Aug. 11, 2016) 
• More Groups Ask FBI to Remove Website (Thomas J. Cole, Albuquerque Journal, Aug. 13, 2016) 
• FBI Program to Stop Violent Extremism in Schools Blasted by Ed. Advocacy Groups (Andrew Ujifusa, Education Week, Aug. 16, 2016) 
• FBI’s Anti-Extremism Program for Schools Promotes 'Fear and Suspicion,' Groups Say (Evie Blad, Education Week, Aug. 17, 2016) 

Proposed frameworks for CVE pilot programs:

• White House—Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States (October 2016) 
• Boston—A Framework for Prevention and Intervention Strategies (February 18, 2015) 
• Los Angeles— The Los Angeles Framework for Countering Violent Extremism (February 18, 2015) 
• Minneapolis—Building Community Resilience: Minneapolis/St. Paul Pilot Program (February 18, 2015)