Loanwords in Baltic

The Baltic languages have loanwords from the Slavic languages (e.g., Old Prussian curtis “hunting dog,” Lithuanian kùrtas, Latvian kur̃ts come from Slavic [compare Polish chart]; Lithuanian muĩlas “soap” [compare Russian mylo]; Latvian suods “punishment, penalty” [compare Russian sud]). There are in addition a few loanwords from the Germanic languages, such as Gothic (e.g., Old Prussian ylo “awl,” Lithuanian ýla, Latvian īlens) and possibly Scandinavian as well. There are many loanwords directly from German; these are notable especially in Old Prussian and Latvian and are clearly a consequence of German colonization in the 13th century.

The Balts first came in close contact with their northern neighbours, the Baltic Finns, about 2000 bce. This contact left traces in both the Baltic and the Finnic languages. Baltic has very few early loanwords from Finnic, but Finnic has many early loans from Baltic. Latvian, with many loanwords from Livonian and Estonian (both Finnic languages), has been more influenced by Finnic than has any other recorded Baltic language.

Orthography

The Lithuanian alphabet is based on the Roman (Latin) alphabet. It has 33 letters, several employing diacritical marks, and is phonetic. In linguistic literature an acute accent is used for falling tones and a tilde for rising tones; the grave accent is used for short, stressed vowels.

The Latvian alphabet has 33 letters, 11 with diacritical marks. A macron over a vowel indicates that it is long. In linguistic literature the following accents are used for the Latvian intonations: grave for falling, tilde for extended or rising, and circumflex for broken.

The Old Prussian orthography is almost wholly based on the German orthography of that time and is quite inconsistent. Furthermore, every Old Prussian written record has its own specific orthography.