Afoaku, Osita (2002). Congo's rebels: their origins, motivations and strategies. In Clark, John F. (ed.), The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 109–28.
,Africa Confidential (1990). Picking up the pieces. Africa Confidential 31(23): 5–6.
,Africa Confidential (1992). Wrapping democracy in violence. Africa Confidential 33(20): 6–7.
,Africa Confidential (1999a). Fantasy rules. Africa Confidential 40(8): 2–4.
,Africa Confidential (1999b). Complex war, ambitious peace. Africa Confidential 40(18): 1–2.
,Africa Confidential (2000). Under Kilimanjaro. Africa Confidential 41(17): 7.
,Africa Confidential (2006). Tough talking. Africa Confidential 47(12): 4–5.
Allin, Dana H. (2002). NATO's Balkan Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arreguin-Toft, Ivan (2001). How the weak win wars: a theory of asymmetric conflict. International Security 26(1): 93–128.
Arreguin-Toft, Ivan (2005). How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Autesserre, Severine (2009). Hobbes and the Congo: frames, local violence, and international intervention. International Organization 63(2): 249–80.
Baker, James A., and Hamilton, Lee H. (2006). The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward – a New Approach. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, and Enterline, Andrew J. (2000). Killing time: the world politics of civil war duration, 1820–1992. International Studies Quarterly 44(4): 615–42.
Barnes, James (1992). Gabon: Beyond the Colonial Legacy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Bates, Robert (2008). When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Beardsley, Kyle (2006). Politics by means other than war: understanding international mediation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
Bennett, D. Scott (1999). Parametric models, duration dependence, and time-varying data revisited. American Journal of Political Science 43(1): 256–70.
Bennett, D. Scott, and Allan, Stam (1998). The duration of interstate wars, 1816–1998. American Political Science Review 90(2): 239–57.
Bentley, Kristina A., and Roger, Southall (2005). An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.
Biddle, Stephen, O'Hanlon, Michael E., and Pollack, Kenneth M. (2008). How to leave a stable Iraq: building on progress. Foreign Affairs 87(5): 40–58.
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Jones, Bradford S. (1997). Time is of the essence: event history models in political science. American Journal of Political Science 41(4): 1414–61.
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Jones, Bradford S. (2004). Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Zorn, Christopher J. W. (2001). Duration models and proportional hazards in political science. American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 972–88.
Brandt, Patrick T., Mason, T. David, Mehmet, Gurses, Nicolai, Petrovsky, and Dagmar, Radin (2008). When and how the fighting stops: explaining the duration and outcome of civil wars. Defense and Peace Economics 19(6): 415–34.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randall M., and Morrow, James D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buhaug, Halvard, Gates, Scott, and Lujala, Päivi (2009). Geography, rebel capability, and the duration of civil conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 544–69.
Buhaug, Halvard, and Lujala, Päivi (2004). Terrain, resources, and civil war: does the level of measurement matter? Paper presented at the forty-fifth annual convention of the International Studies Association, Montreal, March 19.
Buhaug, Halvard, and Lujala, Päivi (2005). Accounting for scale: measuring geography in quantitative studies of civil war. Political Geography 24(4): 399–418.
Buhaug, Halvard, Lujala, Päivi, and Gates, Scott (2002). Lootable natural resources and the duration of armed civil conflict, 1946–2001. Paper presented at the thirty-sixth annual Peace Science Society (International) meeting, Tucson, Arizona, November 2.
Buhaug, Halvard, and Rød, Jan Ketil (2006). Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970–2001. Political Geography 25(3): 315–35.
Castles, Francis, and Mair, Peter (1984). Left–right political scales: some “expert” judgments. European Journal of Political Research 12(1): 73–88.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Buhaug, Halvard, and Rød, Jan Ketil (2009). Ethno-nationalist dyads and civil war: a GIS-based analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 496–525.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Girardin, Luc (2007). Beyond fractionalization: mapping ethnicity onto nationalist insurgencies. American Political Science Review 101(1): 173–85.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2009). Introduction to special issue on “Disaggregating Civil War.”Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 487–95.
Cetinyan, Rupen (2002). Ethnic bargaining in the shadow of third-party intervention. International Organization 56(3): 645–77.
Christia, Fotini (2008). The closest of enemies: alliance formation in the Afghan and Bosnian civil wars. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Clark, John F. (2002). Museveni's adventure in the Congo war: Uganda's Vietnam? In Clark, John F. (ed.), The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 145–68.
Cleaves, Mario A., Gould, William W., and Gutierrez, Roberto G. (2004). An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata, rev. edn. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
Coghlan, Benjamin, Brennan, Richard J., Ngoy, Pascal, Dofara, David, Otto, Brad, Clements, Mark, and Stewart, Tony (2006). Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey. The Lancet 367: 44–51.
Collier, Paul (2000). Rebellion as quasi-criminal activity. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(6): 839–53.
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 56(4): 563–95.
Collier, Paul, Anke, Hoeffler, and Mans, Soderbom (2004). On the duration of civil war. Journal of Peace Research 41(3): 253–73.
Collier, Paul, and Sambanis, Nicholas (2002). Understanding civil war: a new agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 3–12.
Collier, Paul, and Sambanis, Nicholas (2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Cousens, Elizabeth M. (2002). From missed opportunities to overcompensation: implementing the Dayton Agreement on Bosnia. In Stedman, Stephen J., Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (eds.), Ending Civil War: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner: 531–66.
Cox, Gary, and McCubbins, Mathew (2001). The institutional determinants of economic policy outcomes. In Haggard, Stephan and McCubbins, Mathew (eds.), Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy. Cambridge University Press: 21–63.
Crocker, Chester A. (1999). Peacemaking in southern Africa: the Namibia–Angola settlement of 1988. In Crocker, Chester, Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace: 207–44.
Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (eds.) (2001). Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (eds.) (2005). Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Cunningham, David E. (2006). Veto players and civil war duration. American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 875–92.
Cunningham, David E. (2007). Chad: 1966–1979. In DeRouen, Karl and Heo, Uk (eds.), Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO: 235–48.
Cunningham, David E. (2010). Blocking resolution: how external states can prolong civil wars. Journal of Peace Research. 47(2): 115–27.
Cunningham, David E., Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Salehyan, Idean (2009). It takes two: a dyadic analysis of civil war duration and outcome. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 570–97.
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher (2007). Divided and conquered: why states and self-determination groups fail in bargaining over autonomy. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
Dallaire, Romeo (2003). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Toronto: Random House Canada.
Davidow, Jeffrey (1984). A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
DeRouen, Karl R., and Sobek, David (2004). The dynamics of civil war duration and outcome. Journal of Peace Research 41(3): 303–20.
Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Diamond, Louise, and MacDonald, John (1996). Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace. West Hartford, CT: Kumerian Press.
Dougherty, Beth K. (2007). Angola (1992–2002). In Derouen, Jr. Karl, and Heo, Uk (eds.), Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO: 125–41.
Downes, Alexander B. (2008). Targeting Civilians in War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas (2000). International peacebuilding: a theoretical and quantitative analysis. American Political Science Review 94(4): 779–801.
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas (2006). Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. PrincetonUniversity Press.
Dupont, Patrick (1998). La crise politique au Burundi et les efforts de médiation de la communauté internationale. In Reyntjens, Filip and Marysse, Stefaan (eds.), L'Afrique des Grands Lacs: Annuaire 1997–1998. Paris: L'Harmattan: 39–62.
Dutta, Anuradha, and Ratna, Bhuyan (eds.) (2007). Genesis of Conflict and Peace: Understanding Northeast India Views and Reviews, vol. II. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing.
Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and Sambanis, Nicholas (2000). External interventions and the duration of civil wars. Paper presented at the workshop on the “Economics of civil violence,”Princeton, NJ, March 18.
Fearon, James D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization 49(3): 379–414.
Fearon, James D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth 8(2): 195–222.
Fearon, James D. (2004). Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others?Journal of Peace Research 41(3): 275–301.
Fearon, James D. (2007a). Iraq's civil war. Foreign Affairs 86(2): 2–15.
Fearon, James D. (2007b). Fighting rather than bargaining. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 31.
Fearon, James D., Kasara, Kimuli, and Laitin, David D. (2007). Ethnic minority rule and civil war onset. American Political Science Review 101(1): 187–93.
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency and civil war. American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D. (2007). Civil war termination. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1.
Filson, Darren, and Suzanne, Werner (2002). A bargaining model of war and peace: anticipating the onset, duration, and outcome of war. American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 819–38.
Findlay, Trevor (1995). Cambodia: The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC. Oxford University Press.
Fischer, Hanna (2010). Iraq Casualties: US Military Forces, and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Fortna, Virginia Page (2004). Does peacekeeping keep peace? International intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International Studies Quarterly 48(2): 269–92.
Fortna, Virginia Page (2008). Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War. Princeton University Press.
Frake, Charles O. (1998). Abu Sayyaf: displays of violence and the proliferation of contested identities among Philippine Muslims. American Anthropologist 100(1): 41–54.
Frantz, Erica (2006). Breaking down the residual category: policy stability among dictatorships from a veto players perspective. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 22.
Galtung, Johan (1969). Violence, peace and peace research. Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167–91.
Gann, Lewis H., and Henriksen, Thomas H. (1981). The Struggle for Zimbabwe: Battle in the Bush. New York: Praeger.
Gartzke, Erik (1999). War is in the error term. International Organization 53(3): 567–87.
Gasana, James K. (1995). La guerre, la paix et la démocratie au Rwanda. In Guichaoua, André (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993–1994). Paris: Karthala: 211–37.
Gasana, Jean Marie, and Boshoff, Henri (2003). Burundi: critical challenges to the peace process. Situation report. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Gates, Scott, and Strand, Håvard (2004). Modeling the duration of civil wars: measurement and estimation issues. Paper presented at the sixty-second annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 15.
Geddes, Barbara (1999). What do we know about democratization after twenty years?Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–44.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2002). Expanded trade and GDP data. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(5): 712–24.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2007). Transnational dimensions of civil war. Journal of Peace Research 44(3): 293–309.
Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Wallensteen, Peter, Eriksson, Mikael, Sollenberg, Margareta, and Strand, Håvard (2002). Armed conflict 1946–2001: a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–37.
Goddard, Stacie E. (2006). Uncommon ground: indivisible territory and the politics of legitimacy. International Organization 60(1): 35–68.
Grambsch, Patricia M., and Therneau, Terry M. (1994). Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika 81(3): 515–26.
Greenhill, Kelly M., and Major, Solomon (2006). The perils of profiling: civil war spoilers and the collapse of intrastate peace accords. International Security 31(3): 7–40.
Guichaoua, André (1995). Vers deux générations de réfugiés rwandais? La première génération: les réfugiés Tutsi, trente ans après. In Guichaoua, André (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993–1994). Paris: Karthala: 339–57.
Hallerberg, Mark (2002). Veto players and the choice of monetary institutions. International Organization 56(4): 775–802.
Hanna, Michael Wahid (2010). Stay the course of withdrawal: when should the United States leave Iraq? Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66188/michael-wahid-hanna/stay-the-course-of-withdrawal (accessed June 8, 2010).
Harff, Barbara (1992). Recognizing genocides and politicides. In Fein, Helen (ed.), Genocide Watch. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 27–41.
Harff, Barbara (2003). No lessons learned from the Holocaust? Assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. American Political Science Review 97(1): 57–73.
Hartzell, Caroline A., and Hoddie, Matthew (2007). Crafting Peace: Power-Sharing Institutions and the Negotiated Settlement of Civil Wars. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Hassner, Ron E. (2003). “To halve and to hold”: conflicts over sacred space and the problem of indivisibility. Security Studies 12(4): 1–33.
Hegre, Havard, and Sambanis, Nicholas (2006). Sensitivity analysis of empirical results on civil war onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(4): 508–35.
Hendrix, Cullen (2010). Measuring state capacity: theoretical and empirical implications for the study of civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research 47(3): 273–85.
Henisz, W. J. (2000). The institutional environment for economic growth. Economics and Politics 12(1): 1–31.
Herbst, Jeffrey (2000). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton University Press.
Hironaka, Ann (2005). Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hoglund, Kristine (2008). Peace Negotiations in the Shadow of Violence. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Holbrooke, Richard (1998). To End a War. New York: Random House.
Høiris, Ole, and Yurukel, Sefa Martin (eds.) (1998). Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
,Human Security Report Project (2010). Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. Vancouver: Human Security Report Project.
,International Crisis Group (1999). Africa's Seven Nation War. Democratic Republic of Congo Report no. 4. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2000). Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War. Africa Report no. 26. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2001a). From Kabila to Kabila: Prospects for Peace in the Congo. Africa Report no. 27. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2001b). The Inter-Congolese Dialogue: Political Negotiation or Game of Bluff? Africa Report no. 37. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2003a). Negotiating a Blueprint for Peace in Somalia. Africa Report no. 59. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2003b). Rwandan Hutu Rebels in the Congo: A New Approach to Disarmament and Reintegration. Africa Report no. 63. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2003c). Sudan's other wars. Africa Briefing no. 14. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2003d). Liberia: Security Challenges. Africa Report no. 71. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2004). Côte d'Ivoire: No Peace in Sight. Africa Report no. 82. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2005a). Côte d'Ivoire: Le pire est peut-etre à venir. Africa Report no. 90. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2005b). Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects. Latin America Report no. 14. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2005c). The AU's mission in Darfur: bridging the gaps. Africa Briefing no. 28. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2006a). In Their Own Words: Reading the Iraqi Insurgency, Middle East Report no. 50. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2006b). Tchad: Vers le retour de la guerre? Africa Report no. 111. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2006c). Darfur's fragile peace agreement. Africa Briefing no. 39. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2006d). Peace in northern Uganda? Africa Briefing no. 41. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2007a). Congo: staying engaged after the elections. Africa Briefing no. 44: Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2007b). Darfur: Revitalising the Peace Process. Africa Report no. 125. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2008a). Iraq after the Surge I: The New Sunni Landscape, Middle East Report no. 74. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2008b). Iraq after the Surge II: The Need for a New Political Strategy, Middle East Report no. 75. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2008c). Georgia and Russia: Clashing over Abkhazia. Europe Report no. 193. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2008d). Northern Uganda: The Road to Peace with or without Kony. Africa Report no. 146. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
,International Crisis Group (2008e). Somalia: To Move beyond the Failed State. Africa Report no. 147. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Ireland, Michael J., and Gartner, Scott Sigmund (2001). Time to fight: government type and conflict initiation in parliamentary systems. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(5): 547–68.
Jackson, Robert H., and Rosberg, Carl G. (1982). Why Africa's weak states persist: the empirical and the juridical in statehood. World Politics 35(1): 1–24.
Jenne, Erin (2004). A bargaining theory of minority demands: explaining the dog that did not bite in 1990s Yugoslavia. International Studies Quarterly 48(4): 729–54.
Jones, Bruce D. (2001). Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. Boulder, CO: Lynne Riener.
Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Keefer, Philip, and Stasavage, David (2003). The limits of delegation: veto players, central bank independence, and the credibility of monetary policy. American Political Science Review 97(3): 407–23.
Ker-Lindsay, James (2005). EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
King, Charles (2001). The benefits of ethnic war: understanding Eurasia's unrecognized states. World Politics 53(4): 524–52.
Klugman, Jeni, Neypati, Bilin, and Stewart, Frances (1999). Conflict and Growth in Africa, vol. II, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Knudsen, Are (2005). Precarious peacebuilding: post-war Lebanon, 1990–2005. Working Paper no. 2005:12. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Kreutz, Joakim (2010). How and when armed conflicts end: introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset. Journal of Peace Research 47(2): 243–50.
Kruijt, Dirk (2008). Guerrillas: War and Peace in Central America. London: Zed Books.
Kuperman, Alan J. (2001). The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Kydd, Andrew H. (2005). Trust and Mistrust in International Relations. PrincetonUniversity Press.
Lacina, Bethany (2006). Explaining the severity of civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(2): 276–89.
Lacina, Bethany, and Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). Monitoring trends in global combat: a new dataset of battle deaths. European Journal of Population 21(2/3): 145–66.
LaFranchi, Howard (2005). Why Iraq oil money hasn't fueled rebuilding. Christian Science Monitor, July 14.
Laitin, David D., and Samatar, Said S. (1987). Somalia: Nation in Search of a State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Lake, David A. (2009). Hierarchy in International Relations: Authority, Sovereignty, and the New Structure of World Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Laver, Michael, and Hunt, W. Ben (1992). Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.
Leblang, David, and Chan, Steve (2003). Explaining wars fought by established democracies: do institutional constraints matter?Political Research Quarterly 56(4): 385–400.
Lemarchand, René (1970). Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger.
Lemarchand, René (1994). Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. Journal of Modern African Studies 32(4): 581–604.
Lemarchand, René (1995). Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Lemarchand, René (2009). The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Licklider, Roy (1995). The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945–1993. American Political Science Review 89(3): 681–90.
Lijphart, Arend (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lin, D. Y., and Wei, L. J. (1989). Robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84: 1074–8.
Longman, Timothy (2002). The complex reasons for Rwanda's engagement in Congo. In Clark, John F. (ed.), The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 129–44.
Malan, Mark, Rakate, Phenyo, and Angela, McIntyre (2002). Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone: UNAMSIL hits the home straight. Monograph no. 68. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Malaquias, Assis (2007). Angola: how to lose a guerrilla war. In Bøås, Morten and Dunn, Kevin C. (eds.), African Guerrillas: Raging against the Machine. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner: 199–220.
Mamdani, Mahmood (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. PrincetonUniversity Press.
McIntyre, Andrew (2003). The Power of Institutions: Political Architecture and Governance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
Midlarsky, M anus I. (2005). The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Midlarsky, Manus I. (2009). Genocide studies: large N, small N, and policy specificity. In Midlarksy, Manus I. (ed.), Handbook of War Studies III: The Intrastate Dimension. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press: 280–300.
Miguel, Edward, Satyanath, Shanker, and Sergenti, Ernest (2004). Economic shocks and civil conflict: an instrumental variables approach. Journal of Political Economy 112(4): 725–53.
Mnookin, Robert H. (2003). Strategic barriers to dispute resolution: a comparison of bilateral and multilateral negotiations. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 159(1): 199–220.
Montisquiou, Alfred D. (2007). Darfur talks postponed as rebels boycott. USA Today, October 28 (accessed online January 25, 2008).
Nest, Michael, Grignon, François, and Kisangani, Emizet F. (2006). The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Nilsson, Desirée (2008). Partial peace: rebel groups inside and outside of civil war settlements. Journal of Peace Research 45(4): 479–95.
Nsengiyaremye, Dismas (1995). La transition démocratique au Rwanda. In Guichaoua, André (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993–1994). Paris: Karthala: 239–63.
Olson, Mancur (1965). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Omar, Rayika (1992). Somalia: at war with itself. Current History 91: 230–4.
Onishi, Norimitsu (1998). Congo gets more help in Africa in rebel war. New York Times, August 23.
Oppel, Jr., Richard, Henriques, Diana B., and Becker, Elizabeth (2003). Who will put Iraq back together? New York Times, March 23.
Oye, Kenneth A. (1985). Explaining cooperation under anarchy: hypotheses and strategies. World Politics 38(1): 1–24.
Palmer, Glenn, London, Tamar R., and Regan, Patrick M. (2004). What's stopping you? The sources of political constraints on international conflict behavior in parliamentary democracies. International Interactions 30(1): 1–24.
Paris, Roland (2004). At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Parque, Véronique, and Nindorera, Louis-Marie (2003). L'accord de paix d'Arusha au Burundi: quel avenir? In Reyntjens, Filip and Marysse, Stefaan (eds.), L'Afrique des Grands Lacs: Annuaire 2002–2003. Paris: L'Harmattan: 133–56.
Powell, Robert (1999). In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics. Princeton University Press.
Powell, Robert (2006). War as a commitment problem. International Organization 60(4): 169–203.
Prunier, Gérard (1995). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.
Prunier, Gérard (2005). Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rabinovich, Itamar (1984). The War for Lebanon, 1970–1983. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Rajagopalan, Swarna (2008). Peace Accords in Northeast India: Journey over Milestones. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
Ramsay, Kristopher W. (2008). Settling it on the field: battlefield events and war termination. Journal of Conflict Resolution 52(6): 850–79.
Regan, Patrick (2002). Third party interventions and the duration of intrastate conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 55–73.
Regan, Patrick, and Aydin, Aysegul (2006). Diplomacy and other forms of intervention in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(5): 736–56.
Reiter, Dan (2003). Exploring the bargaining model of war. Perspectives on Politics 1(1): 27–43.
Ross, Michael (2004). How do natural resources influence civil war? evidence from thirteen cases. International Organization 58(1): 34–67.
Rupiya, Martin R. (2002). A political and military review of Zimbabwe's involvement in the Second Congo War. In Clark, John F. (ed.), The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 93–108.
Saideman, Stephen M. (2001). The Ties that Divide: Ethnic Politics, Foreign Policy, and International Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.
Saideman, Stephen M. (2002). Discrimination in international relations: explaining why some ethnic groups receive more external support than others. Journal of Peace Research 39(1): 27–50.
Saideman, Stephen M., and Ayres, R. William (2008). For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism, and War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Salehyan, Idean (2007). Transnational rebels: neighboring states as sanctuary for rebel movements. World Politics 59(2): 217–42.
Salehyan, Idean, and Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2006). Refugees and the spread of civil war. International Organization 60(2): 335–66.
Sambanis, Nicholas (2004). What is a civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814–58.
Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2000). The Correlates of War data on war: an update to 1997. Conflict Management and Peace Science 18(1): 123–44.
Sarkees, Meredith Reid, and Wayman, Frank (2010). Resort to War: 1816–2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Schelling, Thomas C. (1960). The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schoenfeld, David (1982). Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika 69(1): 239–41.
Singer, J. David (1987). Reconstructing the Correlates of War dataset on material capabilities of states, 1816–1985. International Interactions 14(2): 115–32.
Singer, J. David, Bremer, Stuart, and Stuckey, John (1972). Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820–1965. In Russett, Bruce (ed.), Peace, War, and Numbers. Beverly Hills: Sage: 19–48.
Slantchev, Branislav L. (2003). The principle of convergence in wartime negotiations. American Political Science Review 97(4): 621–32.
Slantchev, Branislav L. (2004). How initiators end their wars: the duration of warfare and the terms of peace. American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 813–29.
Small, Melvin, and Singer, J. David (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816–1980. Beverly Hills, Sage.
Smith, Alastair, and Stam, Allan (2004). Bargaining and the nature of war. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 783–813.
Snyder, Jack (2000). From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton.
Soifer, Hillel (2008). State infrastructural power: approaches to conceptualization and measurement. Studies in Comparative International Development 43(3/4): 231–51.
Soifer, Hillel, and Hau, Matthias vom (2008). Unpacking the strength of the state: the utility of state infrastructural power. Studies in Comparative International Development 43(3/4): 219–30.
Stanton, Jessica (2008). Strategies of violence and restraint in civil war. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, NY.
Stedman, Stephen J. (1997). Spoiler problems in peace processes. International Security 22(2): 5–53.
Strauss, Scott (2006). The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Thyne, Clayton L. (2009). How International Relations Affect Civil Conflict: Cheap Signals, Costly Consequences. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Toft, Monica Duffy (2002). Indivisible territory, geographic concentration, and ethnic war. Security Studies 12(2): 82–119.
Toft, Monica Duffy (2003). The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton University Press.
Toft, Monica Duffy (2006a). Iraq is gone: now what? Washington Post (November 13).
Toft, Monica Duffy (2006b). Issue indivisibility and time horizons as rationalist explanations for war. Security Studies 15(1): 34–69.
Toft, Monica Duffy (2007). Getting religion: the puzzling case of Islam and civil war. International Security 31(4): 97–131.
Toft, Monica Duffy (2009). Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars. PrincetonUniversity Press.
Tsebelis, George (1995). Decision making in political systems: veto players in presidentialism, parliamentarism, multicameralism and multi-partyism. British Journal of Political Science 25(3): 289–325.
Tsebelis, George (2002). Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. PrincetonUniversity Press.
Tsebelis, George, and Choi, Seung-Whan (2009). Democratic peace revisited: it is veto players. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, September 3.
Turner, Thomas (2002). Angola's role in the Congo war. In Clark, John F. (ed.), The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 75–92.
,United States Institute of Peace (2005). The Mindanao Peace Talks: Another Opportunity to Resolve the Moro Conflict in the Philippines. Special Report no. 131. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Valentino, Benjamin, Hutu, Paul, and Balch-Lindsay, Dylan (2004). “Draining the sea”: mass killing and guerilla warfare. International Organization 58(2): 375–407.
Eck, Jan (2003). Burundi update – October 2003. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Eck, Jan (2005). The challenges facing a post-election Burundi: a formal new dialogue process needed after elections in order to deal with the unresolved issues. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Waldmeir, Patti (1997). Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa. New York: W. W. Norton.
Walter, Barbara F. (1997). The critical barrier to civil war settlement. International Organization 51(3): 335–64.
Walter, Barbara F. (2002). Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. PrincetonUniversity Press.
Walter, Barbara F. (2004). Does conflict beget conflict? Explaining recurring civil war. Journal of Peace Research 41(3): 371–88.
Walter, Barbara F. (2006). Building reputation: why governments fight some separatists but not others. American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 315–30.
Walter, Barbara F. (2007). You can't win with civil wars. Los Angeles Times, October 2.
Walter, Barbara F. (2009a). Bargaining theories of civil war. Annual Review of Political Science 12: 243–61.
Walter, Barbara F. (2009b). Reputation and Civil War: Why Separatist Conflicts Are So Violent. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Warwick, Paul (1994). Governmental Survival in Parliamentary Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weinstein, Jeremy M. (2007). Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Wilkenfeld, Jonathan A., Young, Kathleen J., Quinn, David M., and Asal, Victor (2005). Mediating International Crises. London: Routledge.
Wittman, Donald (1979). How a war ends: a rational model approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 23(4): 743–63.
Woodward, Susan L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Yuen, Amy (2009). Target concessions in the shadow of intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(3): 745–73.
