Help:基本成员属性

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本页是页面Help:Basic membership properties的翻译版本，翻译工作已完成47%。
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前言

本页面旨在解释 隶属于 （P31）、上级分类 （P279）和所属实体 （P361） 三者的属性。在厘清三者的差异之前，首先我们要了解“个例”（instance）和“分类”（class）这两个专用名词。

定义

To understand the differences, it is important to be familiar with the terms instance and class. A class is an abstraction that describes a set (or collection) of things, called its instances. Typically, all the instances belonging to a class share a set of properties, which properties characterize the class.

If all the instances of class A necessarily also belong to class B, then we say A is a subclass of B.

示例

实作层面

隶属于 （P31）

The relation between instances with a common feature and a class characterized by this feature is produced with the property 隶属于 （P31）. We use 隶属于 （P31） instead of 上级分类 （P279） when we cannot say anything about instances with such relation. More specifically, it is an rdf:type.[1]

For example, 大西洋（Q97） and 太平洋（Q98） are both instances of 海洋（Q9430）. We write therefore on Wikidata:

上级分类 （P279）

  • Is used to state that all the instances of one class are instances of another[2]
  • More specifically, it is an rdfs:subClassOf[3]‎
  • If any instances of the subject class are not instances of the value class, 上级分类 （P279） is not appropriate. 部分重合物 （P1382） may be used to link overlapping classes where neither is a strict subclass of the other.

一些例子：

另一个例子：

A lake and an ocean are not the same but all their instances share the common feature of being a body of water. Therefore we can use the class 水体（Q15324） to state that:

Now 贝加尔湖（Q5513）, 伊利湖（Q5492）, 大西洋（Q97） and 太平洋（Q98） will all be transitive (indirect) instances of 水体（Q15324）. In general we can use more abstract objects (like 水体（Q15324）) instead of enumerations (湖泊（Q23397） and 海洋（Q9430）) both: 1. in our statements and 2. in our questions (not covered at this help page).

过渡性属性

The property 上级分类 （P279） is a 传递属性（Q18647515）. This means: if a class A is a subclass of class B, and B is a subclass of class C, then A is implicitly also a subclass of C. There is then no general need to add an explicit statement to Wikidata declaring A to be a subclass of C.

For example, 树（Q10884） is a subclass of 木本植物（Q757163）, and 木本植物（Q757163） is a subclass of 植物（Q756）. Thus 树（Q10884） is implicitly also a subclass of 植物（Q756）.

Similarly, if item x is an instance of class B, and B is a subclass of class C, then x is implicitly also an instance of C. There is then no general need to add an explicit statement to Wikidata declaring x to be an instance of C.

For example, 亚历山大灯塔（Q43244） is an instance of 灯塔（Q39715） and 灯塔（Q39715） is a subclass of 塔式建筑（Q12518）. 亚历山大灯塔（Q43244） is thus an instance of 塔式建筑（Q12518）.

The property 隶属于 （P31） is not transitive. Considering the example from above: 安格拉·默克尔（Q567） is an instance of 政治人物（Q82955）, and 政治人物（Q82955） is an instance of 专业（Q28640）, but it would be incorrect to say that 安格拉·默克尔（Q567） is an instance of 专业（Q28640）.

Inferences based on transitivity do not take qualifiers into account, so 隶属于 （P31） and 上级分类 （P279） statements must be valid while ignoring any qualifiers; in other words, these statements should not have any 限制性修饰符（Q61719275）, or any qualifier that is being used restrictively. For example, if A is often, but not always, a subclass of B, then it is not valid to state that A is a subclass of B with 声明状态 （P5102） = 经常（Q28962312）, because this will lead to false inferences.

所属实体 （P361）

Items cannot be an instance of another non-class, but they can be part of another non-class. For example, 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的大脑（Q2464312） is a part of 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Q937）. On Wikidata we use 所属实体 （P361） for this relation.

类还可以是另一个类的一部分。例如，

The use of 隶属于 （P31） instead of 所属实体 （P361） would be wrong here because 人脑（Q492038） is not a person. Using 上级分类 （P279） would also be wrong because an instance of 人脑（Q492038） (e.g. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的大脑（Q2464312）) is not an instance of the class 智人（Q15978631）.

Like 上级分类 （P279）, 所属实体 （P361） is a transitive property.

Inverse relations of 所属实体 （P361）

  1. 可分为 （P527） - is used to say that an instance has as part some other instance or that instances of a class have as part an instance of some other class
  2. 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670） - is used to say that an instance (never a class) has as part an instance of a class. If the parent item is both an instance and a class, 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670） should not be used.

例如，

In the first example, 可分为 （P527） is used because 希腊字母（Q8216） has as part Α（Q9887）. 可分为 （P527） is also used in the second example because instances of 全音素文字（Q9779） have instances of 字母（Q9788） as parts. In the last example, we take 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670） since 希腊字母（Q8216） has one or more instances of 希腊语字母（Q19793459） as parts.

示例

隶属于 （P31） vs. 上级分类 （P279） vs. 所属实体 （P361）

隶属于 （P31）、上级分类 （P279）和所属实体 （P361）之间的差异
属性 X Y 表示什么 例子 说明 不适用的时机
<X> 隶属于 <Y> 个例 分类
  • X is an individual (single thing) belonging to class Y
  • X is a specific example of class Y
  • all instances of class Y share certain features
  • Y is the set of its instances (including X)
 <尼米兹号航空母舰> 隶属于 <超级航空母舰> <USS Nimitz> is a single concrete aircraft carrier, <supercarrier> is an aircraft carrier class which has many instances (aircraft carriers)
  • 上级分类 not used because <USS Nimitz> is not a class
  • 所属实体 not used because <USS Nimitz> is an instance and the <supercarrier> is a class, instances cannot be parts of classes
<中华人民共和国> 隶属于 <主权国家> <主权国家>是根据某些特性定义的一个概念，<中国>是一个符合这些特性的具体对象
  • 上级分类并未使用，因为<中国>是一个具体的国家
  • 所属实体并未使用，因为个例不能是母类的一个部分
<太阳> 隶属于 <G型主序星> The <Sun> is a specific star with the spectral characteristics of a G-type main-sequence star, and so is an instance of that class
  • 上级分类 not used because the <Sun> is not a class but a single astronomical object
  • 所属实体 not used because non-classes cannot be parts of classes
<造帽师> 隶属于 <专业> <造帽师>是一个职业的特定例子
  • 上级分类 not used because <造帽师> is not a class of professions but a single profession (instance)
  • 所属实体 not used because instances cannot be parts of classes
<道格拉斯·亚当斯> 隶属于 <人类> <道格拉斯·亚当斯> is a specific human person (this is one of the most common cases for 隶属于)
  • 上级分类 not used because <道格拉斯·亚当斯> is not a class of people but a single person (instance)
  • 所属实体 not used because instances cannot be parts of classes
<X> 上级分类 <Y> 分类 分类
  • X类的全部实例属于Y类
  • X类的实例也是Y的实例
 <超级航空母舰> 上级分类 <航空母舰> <超级航空母舰>和<航空母舰>均是类且后者包含前者
  • “隶属于”并不适用，因为“超级航空母舰”不是一个具体对象
  • “所属实体”并未使用，因为“超级航空母舰”的一个实例(如“‘尼米兹’号航空母舰”)不能成为航空母舰的实例的一个部分 (如“‘企业’号航空母舰”)
<主权国家> 上级分类 <国> 这两项都是分类，前者是带有所有基本功能并增加了拓展功能的后者，因此前者是后者的子类
  • 隶属于 未被使用，因为<主权国家>不是一个特定形态，但此类包含所有主权国家
  • 所属实体不适用，因为一些主权国家实例（诸如<中国>）不能是它自己的状态（诸如<中国>）
<G-type star> 上级分类 <恒星> every individual G-class star (instances of <G-class star>) is also a star - i.e. belongs to the class <star>
  • 隶属于 not used because <G-class star> is not a single star, but a type of <star>
  • 所属实体 not used because the relationship is not one of composition, i.e. individual <G-class star> instances do not join together to make an instance of a <star>.
<X> 所属实体 <Y> 个例 个例
  • instance X is a part of instance Y
  • different parts of Y (including X) combine together to form the whole Y
 <尼米兹号航空母舰> 所属实体 <第11航空母舰打击群> <USS Nimitz> is a concrete aircraft carrier, <CSG-11> is a concrete carrier strike group, <USS Nimitz> is one of <CSG-11>'s components (its flagship)
  • 隶属于 not used because <CSG-11> is not a class
  • 上级分类 not used because neither of them is a class
<中华人民共和国> 所属实体 <亚洲> <中国>和<亚洲>都是特定的地理特征，<中国>是<亚洲>大陆的一部分
  • 隶属于 not used because <Asia> is an instance (meanwhile <Asian country> is a class so you could say <China> is an instance of <Asian country>)
  • 上级分类 not used because neither of them is a class
<太阳> 所属实体 <太阳系> both of them are individual astronomical objects; the solar system is composed of the Sun, planets, and other objects in the Sun's vicinity
  • 隶属于 not used because the latter is an individual astronomical object, not a generic concept
  • 上级分类 not used because neither of them is a class
等级 等级 an instance of class X is part of an instance of class Y <飞行甲板> 所属实体 <航空母舰> every aircraft carrier (instance of <aircraft carrier>) has its own flight deck (instance of <flight deck>)
  • 隶属于 not used because <flight deck> is a class not an instance (only a specific flight deck, such as the <flight deck of USS Nimitz>, can be an instance)
  • 上级分类 not used because an instance of the former (e.g. <flight deck of USS Nimitz>) cannot be the same thing as an instance of the latter (e.g. <USS Nimitz>)
<成员国> 所属实体 <国际组织> an instance of <member state> is a component of an instance of <international organization>
  • 隶属于 not used because the former is a concept, does not indicate any specific state (e.g. <China>)
  • 上级分类 not used because an instance of <member state> does not belong to the class <international organization> (e.g. China is not an international organization)
<恒星> 所属实体 <星系> a star typically is born and lives within a single galaxy which is made up of many stars and other astronomical objects
  • 隶属于 not used because <star> is not an example of a <galaxy>
  • 上级分类 not used because instances of class <star> are not instances of the class <galaxy>
  • Note: some examples above are for demonstration purposes only, which should not be used in Wikidata because there are more specific relationships that should be used (e.g. use "<China> continent <Asia>" instead of "<China> part of <Asia>").

可分为 （P527） vs. 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670）

Here is a table that explains the difference between 可分为 （P527） and 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670）.

可分为 （P527） should be used for class-class and instance-instance relationships.

拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670） should be used for instance-class relationships.

If you see a constraint violation on an item with 拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670）...

可分为 （P527）和拥有此类别的一部分 （P2670）之间的差异
属性 X Y 表示什么 例子 解释 为何不用...
<X> 可分为 <Y> 实例 实例 instance X has instance Y among its parts or components <美国国会> 可分为 <美国参议院> the US Congress has two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate
  • 拥有此类别的一部分 not used because <United States Congress> and <United States Senate> are concrete objects
<太阳系> 可分为 <火星> <Mars> is one of the planets in the <Solar System>
  • 拥有此类别的一部分 not used because <Solar System> and <Mars> are concrete objects
等级 等级 an instance of X has an instance of Y among its parts or components <身体> 可分为 <头部> in general a <body> (anatomical feature) has a <head> as one of its parts
  • 拥有此类别的一部分 not used because <body> and <head> are both classes
<星系> 可分为 <恒星> a <galaxy> has <stars> as one of its parts
  • 拥有此类别的一部分 not used because <galaxy> and <star> are both classes
<X> 拥有此类别的一部分 <Y> 实例 等级 the specific item X include some instance of class Y among its parts or components <剑桥大学> 拥有此类别的一部分 <剑桥大学学院列表> the <University of Cambridge> has colleges as parts
  • 可分为 not used because <University of Cambridge> does not have the class <college of the University of Cambridge> as a part, but instead has colleges as parts
<太阳系> 拥有此类别的一部分 <内行星> our <Solar System> has one or more <inner planets> in its parts
  • “可分为”并不适用，因为“太阳系”为一个具体对象，而“类地行星”则为一个分类。
<阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦> 拥有此类别的一部分 <人脑> <Albert Einstein> had a <human brain> as a part
  • 可分为 not used because <human brain> is a class, not an instance, even if he had just one.

Queries

Wikidata Queries can be used to find members of a given class, for example all subclasses of "Literary Work"; a Wikidata Query Builder is available to help.

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See also


参考文献

  1. ↑ https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type
  2. ↑ https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_subclassof
  3. ↑ https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_subclassof


外部链接

取自“https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Basic_membership_properties/zh&oldid=2126689473”